本書分別論述了神經細胞與神經衝動、突觸、神經繫統的解剖構造、腦的發育和可塑性、感覺繫統、覺醒與睡眠、生殖行為、情緒行為、心理障礙等問題。為許多重大問題本質的理解提供了**好的觀點和視角，不僅向讀者展示了生理學方面的發展，還展示了神經科學、基因學以及進化心理學等領域的知識和成就。適合用作心理學專業、認知神經科學、醫學專業的教材或教學輔助材料。

這是由詹姆斯·卡拉特撰寫的《生物心理學》到2007年已連續修訂至第 9版，多年來一直是該領域第一暢銷書，也是美國相應課程采用量最大的教 材。 全書共15章，分別論述了神經細胞與神經衝動、突觸、神經繫統的解剖 構造、腦的發育和可塑性、感覺繫統、覺醒與睡眠、生殖行為、情緒行為、 心理障礙等問題。 本書寫作風格清新幽默，詳略得當，案例豐富詳細，學術水平高，為許 多重大問題本質的理解提供了非常好的觀點和視角，不僅向讀者展示了生理 學方面的發展，還展示了神經科學、基因學以及進化心理學等領域的知識和 成就。 本書適合用作心理學專業、認知神經科學、醫學專業的教材或教學輔助 材料。

1　The Major Issues　1
Module 1.1　The Mind-Brain Relationship　2
　Biological Explanations of Behavior　3
　The Brain and Conscious Experience　5
　Research Approaches　7
　 Career Opportunities　8
　 In Closing: Your Brain and Your Experience　10
　 Summary　10
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　10
　 Thought Questions　11
　 Author’s Answer About Machine Consciousness　11
　Module 1.2　The Genetics of Behavior　12
　Mendelian Genetics　12
　 　 Chromosomes and Crossing Over　13
　 　Sex-Linked and Sex-Limited Genes　13
　 　 Sources of Variation　14
　 Heredity and Environment　14
　　　Possible Complications　14
　　　Environmental Modification　15
　　　How Genes Affect Behavior　16
　　The Evolution of Behavior　16
　　　Common Misunderstandings About Evolution　16
　　　Evolutionary Psychology　19
　　In Closing: Genes and Behavior　20
　　Summary　21
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　21
　　Thought Questions　21
　Module 1.3　The Use of Animals in Research　22
　　Reasons for Animal Research　22
　　The Ethical Debate　23
　　In Closing: Humans and Animals　25
　　Summary　25
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　25
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　26
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　26
　　Websites to Explore　26
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　27
　　ThomsonNOW　27
2　Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses　29
　Module 2.1　The Cells of the Nervous System　30
　Anatomy of Neurons and Glia　30
　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience　30
　　The Structures of an Animal Cell　31
　　The Structure of a Neuron　32
　　Variations Among Neurons　34
　　Glia　35
　The Blood-Brain Barrier　36
　　Why We Need a Blood-Brain Barrier　36
　　How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works　36
　The Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons　37
　In Closing: Neurons　37
　Summary　38
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　38
　Module 2.2　The Nerve Impulse　39
　The Resting Potential of the Neuron　39
　　Forces Acting on Sodium and Potassium Ions　40
　　Why a Resting Potential?　41
　The Action Potential　42
　　The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential　43
　　The All-or-None Law　44
　　The Refractory Period　44
　Propagation of the Action Potential　45
　The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction　46
　Local Neurons　47
　　Graded Potentials　47
　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Small Neurons and Big Misconceptions　47
　In Closing: Neural Messages　47
　Summary　48
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　48
　Thought Questions　48
　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　Terms　49
　Suggestions for Further Reading　49
　Websites to Explore　49
　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　49
　ThomsonNOW　50
3　Synapses　51
　Module 3.1　The Concept of the Synapse　52
　The Properties of Synapses　52
　　Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse　53
　　Temporal Summation　53
　　Spatial Summation　53
　　Inhibitory Synapses　54
　Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potential　56
　In Closing: The Neuron as Decision Maker　56
　Summary　56
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　56
　Thought Questions　57
　Module 3.2　Chemical Events at the Synapse　58
　The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses　58
　The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse　59
　　Types of Neurotransmitters　59
　　Synthesis of Transmitters　60
　　Transport of Transmitters　61
　　Release and Diffusion of Transmitters　61
　　Activation of Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell　62
　　Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters　66
　　Negative Feedback from the Postsynaptic Cell　67
　　Synapses and Personality　67
　　　Intersexes　341
　　　Interests and Preferences of CAH Girls　342
　　　Testicular Feminization　343
　　　Issues of Gender Assignment and Rearing　343
　　　Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance　344
　　Possible Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation　345
　　　Genetics　345
　　　Hormones　346
　　　Prenatal Events　347
　　　Brain Anatomy　348
　　In Closing: We Are Not All the Same　349
　　Summary　349
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　350
　　Thought Questions　350
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　351
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　351
　　Websites to Explore　351
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　351
　　ThomsonNOW　351
12　Emotional Behaviors　353
　Module 12.1　What Is Emotion?　354
　　Emotions, Autonomic Response, and the James-Lange Theory　354
　　　Is Physiological Arousal Necessary for Emotions?　355
　　　Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions?　355
　　Brain Areas Associated with Emotion　356
　　　Attempts to Localize Specific Emotions　357
　　　Contributions of the Left and Right Hemispheres　358
　　The Functions of Emotions　359
　　In Closing: Emotions and the Nervous System　360
　　Summary　360
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　360
　　Thought Question　360
　Module 12.2　Attack and Escape Behaviors　361
　　Attack Behaviors　361
　　　Heredity and Environment in Violence　361
　　　Hormones　363
　　　Brain Abnormalities and Violence　363
　　　Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior　364
　　Escape, Fear, and Anxiety　366
　　　Fear, Anxiety, and the Amygdala　366
　　　Studies of Rodents　366
　　　Studies of Monkeys　367
　　　Activation of the Human Amygdala　368
　　　Damage to the Human Amygdala　369
　　　METHODS 12.1 Microdialysis　371
　　　Anxiety-Reducing Drugs　371
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Alcohol as an Anxiety Reducer　373
　　In Closing: Doing Something About Emotions　373
　　Summary　374
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　374
　　Thought Questions　375
　Module 12.3　Stress and Health　376
　　Concepts of Stress　376
　　Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis　376
　　　The Immune System　377
　　　Effects of Stress on the Immune System　378
　　Posttraumatic Stress Disorder　379
　　In Closing: Emotions and Body Reactions　380
　　Summary　380
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　380
　　Thought Question　380
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　381
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　381
　　Websites to Explore　381
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　381
　　ThomsonNOW　381
13　The Biology of Learning and Memory　383
　Module 13.1　Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning　384
　　Localized Representations of Memory　384
　　　Lashley’s Search for the Engram　384
　　　The Modern Search for the Engram　386
　　Types of Memory　387
　　　Short- and Long-Term Memory　387
　　　Working Memory　389
　　The Hippocampus and Amnesia　389
　　　Amnesia After Hippocampal Damage　390
　　　Individual Differences in Hippocampus and Memory　393
　　　Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus　393
　　　The Hippocampus and Consolidation　397
　　Other Types of Brain Damage and Amnesia　398
　　　Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Other Prefrontal Damage　398
　　　Alzheimer’s Disease　399
　　　What Patients with Amnesia Teach Us　401
　　In Closing: Different Types of Memory　402
　　Summary　402
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　402
　　Thought Questions　403
　Module 13.2　Storing Information in the Nervous System　404
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines　404
　　Learning and the Hebbian Synapse　405
　　Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change　406
　　　Aplysia as an Experimental Animal　406
　　　Habituation in Aplysia　406
　　　Sensitization in Aplysia　406
　　Long-Term Potentiation in Mammals　408
　　　Biochemical Mechanisms　408
　　　LTP and Behavior　410
　　In Closing: The Physiology of Memory　411
　　Summary　411
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　412
　　Thought Question　412
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　412
　　Suggestion for Further Reading　413
　　Websites to Explore　413
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　413
　　ThomsonNOW　413
14　Cognitive Functions　415
　Module 14.1　Lateralization of Function　416
　　Handedness and Its Genetics　416
　　The Left and Right Hemispheres　417
　　Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres　418
　　Cutting the Corpus Callosum　419
　　　METHODS 14.1 Testing Hemispheric Dominance for Speech　421
　　　Split Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation　421
　　　The Right Hemisphere　423
　　　Hemispheric Specializations in Intact Brains　424
　　Development of Lateralization and Handedness　424
　　　Anatomical Differences Between the Hemispheres　425
　　　Maturation of the Corpus Callosum　425
　　　Development Without a Corpus Callosum　426
　　　Hemispheres, Handedness, and Language Dominance　426
　　　Recovery of Speech After Brain Damage　426
　　Avoiding Overstatements　427
　　In Closing: One Brain, Two Hemispheres　427
　　Summary　427
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　428
　　Thought Question　428
　Module 14.2　Evolution and Physiology of Language　429
　　Nonhuman Precursors of Language　429
　　　Common Chimpanzees　429
　　　Bonobos　429
　　　Nonprimates　430
　　How Did Humans Evolve Language?　432
　　　Language as a Product of Overall Intelligence　432
　　　Language as a Special Module　434
　　　Does Language Learning Have a Critical Period?　434
　　Brain Damage and Language　435
　　　Broca’s Aphasia (Nonfluent Aphasia)　435
　　　Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)　437
　　Dyslexia　438
　　In Closing: Language and the Brain　440
　　Summary　440
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　441
　　Thought Questions　441
　Module 14.3　Attention　442
　　Alterations in Brain Responses　442
　　Neglect　443
　　Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder　444
　　　Measurements of ADHD Behavior　445
　　　Possible Causes and Brain Differences　445
　　　Treatments　446
　　In Closing: Attending to Attention　446
　　Summary　446
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　447
　　Thought Question　447
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　448
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　448
　　Websites to Explore　448
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　448
　　ThomsonNOW　449
15　Psychological Disorders　451
　Module 15.1　Substance Abuse and Addictions　452
　　Synapses, Reinforcement, and Addiction　452
　　　Reinforcement and the Nucleus Accumbens　452
　　　Addiction as Increased “Wanting”　452
　　　Sensitization of the Nucleus Accumbens　453
　　Alcohol and Alcoholism　454
　　　Genetics　454
　　　Risk Factors　455
　　Medications to Combat Substance Abuse　456
　　　Antabuse　456
　　　Methadone　456
　　In Closing: Addictions　457
　　Summary　457
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　458
　　Thought Question　458
　Module 15.2　Mood Disorders　459
　　Major Depressive Disorder　459
　　　Genetics and Life Events　459
　　　Hormones　460
　　　Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance　461
　　　Viruses　461
　　　Antidepressant Drugs　462
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Accidental Discoveries of Psychiatric Drugs　462
　　　Other Therapies　464
　　Bipolar Disorder　466
　　　Genetics　467
　　　Treatments　467
　　Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)　467
　　In Closing: The Biology of Mood Swings　468
　　Summary　468
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　469
　　Thought Question　469
　Module 15.3　Schizophrenia　470
　　Characteristics　470
　　　Behavioral Symptoms　470
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia　471
　　　Demographic Data　471
　　Genetics　472
　　　Twin Studies　472
　　　Adopted Children Who Develop Schizophrenia　472
　　　Efforts to Locate a Gene　472
　　The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis　473
　　　Prenatal and Neonatal Environment　473
　　　Mild Brain Abnormalities　474
　　　METHODS 15.1 The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task　475
　　　Early Development and Later Psychopathology　476
　　Neurotransmitters and Drugs　477
　　　Antipsychotic Drugs and Dopamine　477
　　　Role of Glutamate　478
　　　New Drugs　479
　　In Closing: The Fascination of Schizophrenia　480
　　Summary　480
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　481
　　Thought Questions　481
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　482
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　482
　　Websites to Explore　483
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　483
　　ThomsonNOW　483
A　Brief, Basic Chemistry　485
B　Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research　491
References　494
Name Index　550
Subject Index/Glossary　565
　In Closing: Neurotransmitters and Behavior　68
　Summary　68
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　68
　Thought Questions　69
　Module 3.3　Drugs and Synapses　70
　Drug Mechanisms　71
　Common Drugs and Their Synaptic Effects　71
　　Stimulant Drugs　71
　　Nicotine　73
　　Opiates　74
　　Marijuana　74
　　Hallucinogenic Drugs　75
　In Closing: Drugs and Behavior　76
　Summary　76
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　77Thought Question　77
　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　Terms　78
　Suggestions for Further Reading　78
　Websites to Explore　78
　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　78
　ThomsonNOW　79
4　Anatomy of the Nervous System　81
　Module 4.1　Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System　82
　Terminology That Describes the Nervous System　82
　The Spinal Cord　84
　The Autonomic Nervous System　85
　　EXTENSION AND APPLICATIONS Goose Bumps　85
　The Hindbrain　87
　The Midbrain　89
　The Forebrain　89
　　Thalamus　91
　　Hypothalamus　92
　　Pituitary Gland　92
　　Basal Ganglia　92
　　Basal Forebrain　93
　　Hippocampus　93
　The Ventricles　94
　In Closing: Learning Neuroanatomy　95
　Summary　95
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　95
　Thought Question　95
　Module 4.2　The Cerebral Cortex　96
　Organization of the Cerebral Cortex　96
　The Occipital Lobe　98
　The Parietal Lobe　98
　The Temporal Lobe　98
　The Frontal Lobe　100
　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies　100
　　Modern View of the Prefrontal Cortex　101
　How Do the Parts Work Together?　101
　In Closing: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex　103
　Summary　103
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　104
　Thought Question　104
　Module 4.3　Research Methods　105
　Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior　105
　Recording Brain Activity　107
　Effects of Brain Damage　109
　Effects of Brain Stimulation　111
　Brain and Intelligence　112
　　Comparisons Across Species　112
　　Comparisons Across Humans　113
　In Closing: Research Methods and Their Limits　115
　Summary　116
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　116
　Thought Question　116
　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　Terms　117
　Suggestions for Further Reading　118
　Websites to Explore　118
　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　118
　ThomsonNOW　119
5　Development and Plasticity of the Brain　121
　Module 5.1　Development of the Brain　122
　Growth and Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain　122
　　Growth and Development of Neurons　122
　　New Neurons Later in Life　125
　Pathfinding by Axons　125
　　Chemical Pathfinding by Axons　125
　　Competition Among Axons as a General Principle　127
　Determinants of Neuronal Survival　128
　The Vulnerable Developing Brain　129
　Fine-Tuning by Experience　131
　　Experience and Dendritic Branching　131
　　Effects of Special Experiences　132
　In Closing: Brain Development　135
　Summary　135
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　136
　Thought Questions　136
　Module 5.2　Plasticity After Brain Damage　137
　Brain Damage and Short-Term Recovery　137
　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS How Woodpeckers Avoid Concussions　137
　　Reducing the Harm from a Stroke　137
　Later Mechanisms of Recovery　139
　　Diaschisis　139
　　The Regrowth of Axons　140
　　Sprouting　141
　　Denervation Supersensitivity　141
　　Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb　142
　　METHODS 5.1 Histochemistry　143
　　Learned Adjustments in Behavior　144
　In Closing: Brain Damage and Recovery　146
　Summary　146
　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　147
　Thought Questions　147
　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　Terms　147
　Suggestions for Further Reading　148
　Websites to Explore　148
　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　149
　ThomsonNOW　149
6　Vision　151
　Module 6.1　Visual Coding and the Retinal Receptors　152
　　General Principles of Perception　152
　　　From Neuronal Activity to Perception　152
　　　Law of Specific Nerve Energies　152
　　The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain　153
　　　The Route Within the Retina　153
　　　Fovea and Periphery of the Retina　155
　　Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones　156
　　Color Vision　157
　　　The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory　158
　　　The Opponent-Process Theory　159
　　　The Retinex Theory　161
　　　Color Vision Deficiency　163
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS People with Four Cone Types　163
　　In Closing: Visual Receptors　164
　　Summary　164
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　164
　　Thought Question　165
　Module 6.2　The Neural Basis of Visual Perception　166
　　An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System　166
　　Processing in the Retina　167
　　Pathways to the Lateral Geniculate and Beyond　169
　　Pattern Recognition in the Cerebral Cortex　171
　　　Pathways in the Visual Cortex　171
　　　The Shape Pathway　173
　　　METHODS 6.1 Microelectrode Recordings　173
　　　The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex　175
　　　Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors?　175
　　　Shape Analysis Beyond Area V1　176
　　Disorders of Object Recognition　177
　　The Color, Motion, and Depth Pathways　179
　　　Structures Important for Motion Perception　179
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Suppressed Vision During Eye Movements　180
　　　Motion Blindness　181
　　Visual Attention　181
　　In Closing: From Single Cells to Vision　182
　　Summary　182
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　183
　　Thought Question　183
　Module 6.3　Development of Vision　184
　　Infant Vision　184
　　　Attention to Faces and Face Recognition　184
　　　Visual Attention and Motor Control　184
　　Early Experience and Visual Development　185
　　　Early Lack of Stimulation of One Eye　185
　　　Early Lack of Stimulation of Both Eyes　186
　　　Uncorrelated Stimulation in the Two Eyes　186
　　　Restoration of Response After Early Deprivation of Vision　187
　　　Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns　187
　　　People with Vision Restored After Early Deprivation　188
　　In Closing: The Nature and Nurture of Vision　190
　　Summary　190
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　191
　　Thought Questions　191
　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　192
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　192
　　Websites to Explore　192
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　193
　　ThomsonNOW　193
7　The Other Sensory Systems　195
　Module 7.1　Audition　196
　　Sound and the Ear　196
　　　Physical and Psychological Dimensions of Sound　196
　　　Structures of the Ear　196
　　Pitch Perception　198
　　　Frequency Theory and Place Theory　198
　　　The Auditory Cortex　199
　　　Hearing Loss　201
　　Sound Localization　202
　　In Closing: Functions of Hearing　203
　　Summary　204
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　204
　　Thought Questions　204
　Module 7.2　The Mechanical Senses　205
　　Vestibular Sensation　205
　　Somatosensation　206
　　　Somatosensory Receptors　206
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Tickle　206
　　　Input to the Spinal Cord and the Brain　208
　　Pain　209
　　　Pain Stimuli and the Pain Pathways　209
　　　Ways of Relieving Pain　210
　　　Sensitization of Pain　212
　　Itch　213
　　In Closing: The Mechanical Senses　213
　　Summary　213
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　214
　　Thought Question　214
　Module 7.3　The Chemical Senses　215
　　General Issues About Chemical Coding　215
　　Taste　216
　　　Taste Receptors　216
　　　How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors?　216
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Chemicals That Alter the Taste Buds　216
　　　Mechanisms of Taste Receptors　218
　　　Taste Coding in the Brain　218
　　　Individual Differences in Taste　219
　　Olfaction　220
　　　Behavioral Methods of Identifying Olfactory Receptors　221
　　　Biochemical Identification of Receptor Types　222
　　　Implications for Coding　223
　　　Messages to the Brain　223
　　　Individual Differences　223
　　Vomeronasal Sensation and Pheromones　224
　　Synesthesia　225
　　In Closing: Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World　226
　　Summary　226
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　227
　Thought Questions　227
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　228
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　228
　　Websites to Explore　228
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　228
　　ThomsonNOW　229
8　Movement　231
　Module 8.1　The Control of Movement　232
　　Muscles and Their Movements　232
　　　Fast and Slow Muscles　234
　　　Muscle Control by Proprioceptors　235
　　Units of Movement　236
　　　Voluntary and Involuntary Movements　236
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Infant Reflexes　236
　　　Movements with Different Sensitivity to Feedback　238
　　　Sequences of Behaviors　238
　　In Closing: Categories of Movement　239
　　Summary　239
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　239
　　Thought Question　239
　Module 8.2　Brain Mechanisms of Movement　240
　　The Cerebral Cortex　241
　　　Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord　243
　　　Areas Near the Primary Motor Cortex　244
　　　Conscious Decisions and Movements　245
　　The Cerebellum　247
　　　Evidence of a Broad Role　248
　　　Cellular Organization　249
　　The Basal Ganglia　250
　　Brain Areas and Motor Learning　251
　　In Closing: Movement Control and Cognition　251
　　Summary　252
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　252
　　Thought Question　253
　Module 8.3　Disorders of Movement　254
　　Parkinson’s Disease　254
　　　Possible Causes　254
　　　L-Dopa Treatment　257
　　　Therapies Other Than L-Dopa　257
　　Huntington’s Disease　258
　　　Heredity and Presymptomatic Testing　259
　　In Closing: Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders　261
　　Summary　261
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　261
　　Thought Questions　262
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　262
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　263
　　Websites to Explore　263
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　263
　　ThomsonNOW　263
9　Wakefulness and Sleep　265
　Module 9.1　Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping　266
　　Endogenous Cycles　266
　　　Duration of the Human Circadian Rhythm　268
　　Mechanisms of the Biological Clock　269
　　　The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)　269
　　　The Biochemistry of the Circadian Rhythm　270
　　　Melatonin　271
　　Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock　271
　　　Jet Lag　272
　　　Shift Work　272
　　　How Light Resets the SCN　273
　　In Closing: Sleep-Wake Cycles　273
　　Summary　274
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　274
　　Thought Questions　274
　Module 9.2　Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms　275
　　The Stages of Sleep　275
　　Paradoxical or REM Sleep　276
　　Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal　277
　　　Brain Structures of Arousal and Attention　278
　　　Getting to Sleep　280
　　Brain Function in REM Sleep　281
　　Sleep Disorders　282
　　　Sleep Apnea　283
　　　Narcolepsy　283
　　　Periodic Limb Movement Disorder　284
　　　REM Behavior Disorder　284
　　　Night Terrors, Sleep Talking, and Sleepwalking　284
　　In Closing: Stages of Sleep　284
　　Summary　285
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　285
　　Thought Question　285
　Module 9.3　Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?　286
　　Functions of Sleep　286
　　　Sleep and Energy Conservation　286
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Hibernation　286
　　　Restorative Functions of Sleep　288
　　　Sleep and Memory　288
　　Functions of REM Sleep　289
　　　Individual and Species Differences　289
　　　Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation　289
　　　Hypotheses　289
　　Biological Perspectives on Dreaming　290
　　　The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis　290
　　　The Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis　291
　　In Closing: Our Limited Self-Understanding　291
　　Summary　291
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　292
　　Thought Question　292
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　292
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　293
　　Websites to Explore　293
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　293
　　ThomsonNOW　293
10　Internal Regulation　295
　Module 10.1　Temperature Regulation　296
　　Homeostasis and Allostasis　297
　　Controlling Body Temperature　297
　　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Surviving in Extreme Cold　298
　　　The Advantages of Constant High Body Temperature　299
　　　Brain Mechanisms　300
　　　Fever　300
　　In Closing: Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms　301
　　Summary　301
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　301
　　Thought Question　302
　Module 10.2　Thirst　303
　　Mechanisms of Water Regulation　303
　　Osmotic Thirst　303
　　Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger　304
　　In Closing: The Psychology and Biology of Thirst　306
　　Summary　306
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　306
　　Thought Questions　306
　Module 10.3　Hunger　307
　　How the Digestive System Influences Food Selection　307
　　　Enzymes and Consumption of Dairy Products　308
　　　Other Influences on Food Selection　308
　　Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding　309
　　　Oral Factors　309
　　　The Stomach and Intestines　310
　　　Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon　310
　　　Leptin　312
　　Brain Mechanisms　313
　　　The Arcuate Nucleus and Paraventricular Hypothalamus　313
　　　The Lateral Hypothalamus　314
　　　Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus　315
　　Eating Disorders　318
　　　Genetics and Body Weight　318
　　　Weight-Loss Techniques　319
　　　Anorexia Nervosa　319
　　　Bulimia Nervosa　320
　　In Closing: The Multiple Controls of Hunger　320
　　Summary　320
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　321
　　Thought Question　322
　　Chapter Ending Key Terms and Activities
　　Terms　322
　　Suggestions for Further Reading　323
　　Websites to Explore　323
　　Exploring Biological Psychology CD　323
　　ThomsonNOW　323
11　Reproductive Behaviors　325
　Module 11.1　Sex and Hormones　326
　　Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones　327
　　　Sex Differences in the Gonads　327
　　　Sex Differences in the Hypothalamus　329
　　　Sex Differences in the Cerebral Cortex and Cognition　329
　　Activating Effects of Sex Hormones　331
　　　Rodents　331
　　　Humans　331
　　EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS Premenstrual Syndrome　334
　　Parental Behavior　335
　　In Closing: Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations　336
　　Summary　337
　　Answers to Stop & Check Questions　337
　　Thought Questions　338
　Module 11.2　Variations in Sexual Behavior　339
　　Evolutionary Interpretations of Mating Behavior　339
　　　Interest in Multiple Mates　339
　　　What Men and Women Seek in Their Mates　339
　　　Differences in Jealousy　340
　　　Evolved or Learned?　340
　　　Conclusions　340
　　Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated Behaviors　340