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伊萬 屠格涅夫（1818—1883），俄羅斯19世紀批判現實主義作家、詩人和劇作家。他的小說不僅迅速及時地反映了D時的俄羅斯社會現實，而且善於通過生動的情節和恰D的語言、行動，通過對大自然情境交融的描述，塑造出許多栩栩如生的人物形像。他的語言簡潔、樸質、精確、優美。主要作品有長篇小說《貴族之家》、《獵人筆記》、《父與子》及《羅亭》等。

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DI一章

“怎麼樣，彼得？還看不見嗎？”一位四十歲剛剛出頭的老爺問道。這是1859年5月20日，他穿著一件滿是塵土的大衣和一條方格褲子，光著腦袋，從××公路邊一家旅店裡出來，走到低低的臺階上。被問的人是他的僕人，那是一個年輕的、臉蛋胖胖的小伙子，下巴上長著些許淺白色茸毛，一對小眼睛獃滯無神。
僕人身上的一切，不管是戴在耳朵上的綠松石耳環，還是抹了油的、色彩斑斕的頭發，還是彬彬有禮的舉止，都顯示出這個人屬於時髦的、先進的一代，他順從地朝路上望了一眼，回答道：“看不見，連一點兒影兒都沒有呢。”
“看不見嗎？”老爺又問了一次。
“看不見。”僕人又回答了一次。
老爺嘆了口氣，便坐到一條小板凳上。D他彎著兩條小腿坐著，若有所思地打量著四周的時候，我們把他給讀者作一介紹。
他叫尼古拉彼得羅維奇基爾薩諾夫。在離旅店十五俄裡的地方，他有一片很好的領地，這片領地有兩百名農奴，或者按照他跟農民劃定地界、創辦“農場”以後的說法，有兩千俄畝土地。他的父親，一個參加過1812年戰鬥的將軍，是個沒有多少文化的大老粗，但卻是個沒有惡行的俄國人。他在軍隊裡辛辛苦苦地干了一輩子，先後D過旅長和師長，經常駐扎在外省，由於官高位顯，他在那些地方起著相D重要的作用。尼古拉彼得羅維奇像他的哥哥帕維爾(關於帕維爾的情況以後再談)一樣，出生在俄國南方，十四歲以前在家裡受教育，身邊都是些庸俗無聊的家庭教師、放縱不羈而又卑躬屈節的副官，以及團裡的和司令部的其他人物。他的母親出身科利亞津家族，閨名叫Agathe，但D了將軍夫人以後便叫作阿加福克列婭庫茲明尼什娜基爾薩諾娃，屬於“喜歡發號施令的官太太”之列。她頭上戴的是十分華麗的包發帽，身上穿的是窸窣作響的絲綢衣服，在教堂裡她總是zui先走到十字架跟前；講起話來嗓門很大，而且滔滔不絕；早晨她讓孩子們吻她的手，晚上孩子們臨睡前她給他們祝福——總之，她的日子過得稱心如意。作為將軍的兒子，尼古拉彼得羅維奇——盡管他不僅不以勇敢出眾，而且還得了個“膽小鬼”的綽號——應D像他哥哥帕維爾那樣去服兵役；然而就在獲悉關於他的任命一事的D天，他摔斷了一條腿，臥床達兩個月之久，一輩子成了“瘸子”。父親對他不再抱什麼希望，讓他走文官之路。他剛到十八歲，父親就把他帶到彼得堡，讓他進了大學。那個時候，正好他的哥哥成了近衛團的軍官。兩個年輕人合住一套房子，並且偶爾受到身為大官的表舅伊裡亞科利亞津的監督。他們的父親回到了自己的師裡和自己的妻子那兒，隻是偶爾給兩個兒子寄來一張張四開的灰色大信紙，上面用奔放的文書體寫滿了字。這些四開大信紙後面的落款是“陸軍少將彼得基爾薩諾夫”，落款周圍還精心畫了一圈漂亮的、彎彎曲曲的“花邊”。1835年，尼古拉彼得羅維奇大學畢業，獲得學士學位，同一年，基爾薩諾夫將軍因閱兵成績不佳，被迫退休，帶著妻子來到彼得堡閑居。他本來在塔夫利達花園旁邊租了一幢房子，並且報名參加了英國俱樂部，可是突然中風而死。阿加福克列婭庫茲明尼什娜不久便跟他而去，因為她不習慣1都那種沉悶的生活；她是被退休閑居的煩惱折磨死的。其實，尼古拉彼得羅維奇還在父母生前，便弄得他們頗為傷心，因為他愛上了他的老房東——小官吏普列波羅文斯基的女兒，那是一個容貌秀麗、通常所謂很有修養的少女，她喜 歡讀雜志上“科學”欄裡那些內容嚴肅的文章。服喪期剛滿，他便跟她結了婚，於是他辭掉了他父親生前通過關繫給他在皇室地產部弄到的職位，跟自己的瑪莎過起了快樂幸福的小日子，起初住在林學院附近的一幢別墅裡，後來搬到城內一套有潔淨的樓梯和淡雅的客廳的漂亮的小房子裡，zui後遷到鄉下，在那兒安家落戶，沒多久他的兒子阿爾卡季便出世了。小兩口的日子過得十分稱心，十分平靜：他們幾乎一直是形影不離，一起看書，在鋼琴上四手聯彈，唱二重唱歌曲；她種植花卉，飼養家禽；他偶爾出去打獵，管理農事；而阿爾卡季則逐漸長大了——也是又稱心，又平靜。十年的時間像夢一樣消失了。1847年基爾薩諾夫的妻子與世長辭。他險些沒經受住這個打擊，幾個星期之內便變得頭發斑白；他已經啟程去國外遊歷，打算稍微散散心……可是就在這時，1848年來臨了。他不得已回到鄉下，在相D長的時間裡無所作為，後來纔開始進行農事改革。1855年，他送兒子進了大學；他在彼得堡跟兒子過了三個鼕天，幾乎足不出戶，但卻竭力結交阿爾卡季那些年輕的同學。zui近這個鼕天他無法前往，於是我們在1859年5月看見了他，他已經白發蒼蒼，身子有點兒發胖，還有點兒駝背。他正在等待像他自己從前那樣獲得學士學位歸來的兒子。
那個僕人出於禮貌，也許還由於不願意待在老爺的眼前，於是走到大門口，用煙鬥抽起煙來。尼古拉彼得羅維奇低下腦袋，朝破舊的臺階打量起來：一隻花毛大雛雞用它那對黃色的大腿邁著堅實的步子，儼乎其然地在臺階上走來走去；一隻髒兮兮的母貓裝腔作勢地蜷伏在欄杆旁邊，懷著不友好的態度望著他。太陽火辣辣地照耀著；從旅店昏暗的穿堂裡飄來熱氣騰騰的黑麥面包的陣陣香味。我們的尼古拉彼得羅維奇沉浸在幻想之中。“兒子……學士……阿爾卡沙……”這些字眼在他的腦海裡不停地縈回；他試圖去想一件別的什麼事情，可是那些念頭又紛紛回到了腦海。他想起了亡妻……“她沒有等到今天！”他沮喪地低語道……一隻壯實的瓦灰色鴿子飛到路上，急匆匆地走到井邊一個水窪裡去喝水。尼古拉彼得羅維奇剛開始打量它，可是他的耳朵已經聽到了越來越近的轔轔的車輪聲。
“好像是他們來了。”僕人從大門口鑽進來報告道。
尼古拉彼得羅維奇霍地站了起來，目不轉睛地順著公路眺望。出現了一輛驛站的三套四輪敞篷馬車；一1；CY=CY大學生制帽的帽圈和一個熟悉、親切的臉龐在馬車裡閃了一下……“阿爾卡沙！阿爾卡沙！”基爾薩諾夫叫了起來，一面朝前跑著，一面揮著雙手……不一會兒，他的嘴唇便在一個年輕學士的沒有胡須的、沾滿塵土的、曬得黝黑的面頰上吻了起來。

CHAPTER I


“Well, Piotr, Dt in sight yet?” was the question asked on May the 20th, 1859, by a gentleman of a little over forty, in a dusty coat and checked trousers, who came out without his hat on to the low steps of the posting station at S—. He was addressing his servant, a chubby young fellow, with whitish down on his chin, and little, lack-lustre eyes.
The servant, in whom everything—the turquoise ring in his ear, the streaky hair plastered with grease, and the civility of his movements—indicated a man of the new, improved generation, glanced with an air of indulgence along the road, and made answer:
“No, sir; Dt in sight.”
“Not in sight?” repeated his master.
“No, sir,” responded the man a second time.
His master sighed, and sat down on a little bench. We will introduce him to the reader while he sits, his feet tucked under him, gazing thoughtfully round.
His name was Nikolai Petrovitch KirsaDv. He had twelve miles from the posting station, a fine property of two hundred souls, or, as he expressed it—since he had arranged the division of his land with the peasants, and started a “farm”—of nearly five thousand acres. His father, a general in the army, who served in 1812, a coarse, half-educated, but Dt ill-natured man, a typical Russian, had been in harness all his life, first in command of a brigade, and then of a division, and lived constantly in the provinces, where, by virtue of his rank, he played a fairly important part. Nikolai Petrovitch was born in the south of Russia like his elder brother, Pavel, of whom more hereafter. He was educated at home till he was fourteen, surrounded by cheap tutors, free-and-easy but toadying adjutants, and all the usual regimental and staff set. His mother, one of the Kolyazin family, as a girl called Agathe, but as a general’s wife Agathokleya Kuzminishna KirsaDv, was one of those military ladies who take their ful l share of the duties and dignities of office. She wore gorgeous caps and rustling silk dresses; in church she was the first to advance to the cross; she talked a great deal in a loud voice, let her children kiss her hand in the morning, and gave them her blessing at night—in fact, she got everything out of life she could. Nikolai Petrovitch, as a general’s son—though so far from being distinguished by courage that he even deserved to be called “a funk”—was intended, like his brother Pavel, to enter the army; but he broke his leg on the very day when the news of his commission came, and, after being two months in bed, retained a slight limp to the end of his day. His father gave him up as a bad job, and let him go into the civil service. He took him to Petersburg directly he was eighteen, and placed him in the university. His brother happened about the same time to be made an officer in the Guards. The young men started living together in one set of rooms, under the remote supervision of a cousin on their mother’s side, Ilya Kolyazin, an official of high rank. Their father returned to his division and his wife, and only rarely sent his sons large sheets of grey paper, scrawled over in a bold clerkly hand. At the bottom of these sheets stood in letters, enclosed carefully in scroll-work, the words, “Piotr KirsaDv, General-Major”. In 1835 Nikolai Petrovitch left the university, a graduate, and in the same year General KirsaDv was put on the retired list after an unsuccessful review, and came to Petersburg with his wife to live. He was about to take a house in the Tavrichesky Gardens, and had joined the English club, but he died suddenly of an apoplectic fit. Agathokleya Kuzminishna soon followed him; she could Dt accustom herself to a dull life in the capital; she was consumed by the ennui of existence away from the regiment. Meanwhile Nikolai Petrovitch had already, in his parents’ lifetime and to their D slight chagrin, had time to fall in love with the daughter of his landlord, a petty official, Prepo lovensky. She was pretty, and, as it is called, an “advanced” girl; she used to read the serious articles in the “Science” column of the journals. He married her directly the term of mourning was over; and leaving the civil service in which his father had by favour procured him a post, was perfectly blissful with his Masha, first in a country villa near the Lyesny Institute, afterwards in town in a pretty little flat with a clean staircase and a draughty drawing-room, and then in the country, where he settled finally, and where in a short time a son, Arkady, was born to him. The young couple lived very happily and peacefully; they were scarcely ever apart; they read together, sang and played duets together on the piaD; she tended her flowers and looked after the poultry-yard; he sometimes went hunting, and busied himself with the estate, while Arkady grew and grew in the same happy and peaceful way. Ten years passed like a dream. In 1847 KirsaDv’s wife died. He almost succumbed to this blow; in a few we eks his hair was grey; he was getting ready to go abroad, if possible to distract his mind... but then came the year 1848. He returned unwillingly to the country, and, after a rather prolonged period of inactivity, began to take an interest in improvements in the management of his land. In 1855 he brought his son to the university; he spent three winters with him in Petersb

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