中國汽車技術研究中心有限公司是1985年根據國家對汽車行業管理的需要，經國家批準成立的科研院所，現隸屬於國有資產監督管理委員會。作為行業技術歸口單位和國家政府主管部門的技術支撐機構，中國汽車技術研究中心主要協助政府開展汽車行業標準與技術法規、產品認證檢測、質量體繫認證、行業規劃與政策研究、信息服務與軟科學研究等工作。

This report， consisting of 6 chapters and 13 topics， discusses the development of domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicles in detail from the following aspects： industrial environment， fuel consumption， product trends， technology application， power consumption evaluation and foreign development.
The industrial environment chapter provides a high-level overview of the overall development of the energy-saving and new energy vehicles industry from the perspectives of energy environment， policy environment and industry situation. The fuel consumption chapter demonstrates the progress in fuel consumption management for passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The product trend chapter deeply explores the relationship between vehicle properties and power consumption based on the development characteristics of vehicle properties. The technology application chapter comprehensively analyzes the application characteristics of energy-saving and new energy vehicles technologies， and conducts special research on industry-focused alternative fuels and power battery technologies. The power consumption evaluation chapter obtains the energy-saving competitiveness ranking of domestic passenger car products through the factor analysis model， and uses statistical analysis to reveal the difference between real-world and certified fuel consumption. The foreign development chapter takes the fuel vehicle sales ban and the fuel consumption management of EU heavy-duty vehicles as the research objects， which provides a useful reference for the development of China’s energy-saving and new energy vehicles industry.

中國汽車技術研究中心有限公司是1985年根據國家對汽車行業管理的需要，經國家批準成立的科研院所，現隸屬於國有資產監督管理委員會。作為行業技術歸口單位和國家政府主管部門的技術支撐機構，中國汽車技術研究中心主要協助政府開展汽車行業標準與技術法規、產品認證檢測、質量體繫認證、行業規劃與政策研究、信息服務與軟科學研究等工作。

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Contents


Ⅰ Industrial Environment Part

Special Topic 1\tEnergy Situations and Vehicle Energy
Consumption Measurement02
1．1\tGlobal Vehicle Energy Development Strategies\t02
1．1．1\tChina’s Energy Situations and Vehicle Energy Strategy\t02
1．1．2\tEnergy Situation and Vehicle Energy Development Strategies of EU， US， and Japan05

1．2\tMeasuring Vehicle Energy Consumption in China10
1．2．1\tMeasuring Model of Total Vehicle Energy Consumption10
1．2．2\tVehicle in Operation Structure\t11
1．2．3\tDriving Distances of Vehicles\t12
1．2．4\tChina Driving Range by Ages\t14
1．2．5\tAverage Fuel Consumption Based on Vehicle Types\t15
1．2．6\tVehicle Survival Rate Analysis\t15
1．2．7\t2017 Vehicle Energy Measurement Analysis\t16

Special Topic 2\tOverall Development of Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle Industry19
2．1\tOverall Development of the Energy-saving Vehicle Industry19
2．1．1\tPolicy Environment\t19
2．1．2\tChina’s Current Energy-saving Vehicle Development\t22

2．2\tOverall Development of the New Energy Vehicle Industry30
2．2．1\tPolicy Environment of New Energy Vehicles\t30
2．2．2\tMarket Environment of New Energy Vehicles\t32
2．2．3\tSupporting Environment for NEV Infrastructure\t35

Special Topic 3\tDevelopment Trend of the Average Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars40
3．1\tThe Fleet-wide Average FC41
3．1．1\tThe Development Trend of the Fleet-wide Average FC\t41
3．1．2\tAnalysis of Fleet-wide Compliance Pressure in 2020\t
42

3．2\tFuel Consumption of Different Model Types43
3．2．1\tFC Variation of Different Vehicle Types43
3．2．2\tFC Variation of Different Origins44

3．3\tCAFC and Compliance Performance of Enterprises46
3．3．1\tAnalysis of Quantity and Production (Including Import Volume) of Qualified Enterprises46
3．3．2\tAnalysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance Performance48
3．3．3\tAnalysis on Compliance Performance of Top 10 Enterprises by Production/Import Volume51

3．4\tThe Impact of New Energy Passenger Cars on the Calculation of Fuel Consumption53
3．4．1\tFleet-wide FC Before and After the Inclusion of New Energy Passenger Cars into Calculation53
3．4．2\tCAFC of Typical Enterprises Before and After the Inclusion of New Energy Passenger Cars into Calculation54

Special Topic 4\tFuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles58
4．1\tClassification of Commercial Vehicles59
4．2\tFuel Consumption of Light Commercial Vehicles60
4．2．1\tFuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types60
4．2．2\tComparison between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value65

4．3\tFuel Consumption of Heavy Commercial Vehicles68
4．3．1\tFuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types68
4．3．2\tComparison between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value73

Special Topic 5\tDevelopment Trend of Related Properties of Passenger Cars on Energy Conservation82
5．1\tCurb Weight82
5．2\tFootprint Area88
5．3\tDriving Type91
5．4\tAverage Displacement96
5．5\tAverage Power102
5．6\tAverage Torque108
5．7\tPower/Curb Weight113
5．8\tPower/Displacement118

Special Topic 6\tVariation Trend of NEV Products Properties124
6．1\tVariation Trend of NEV Products Properties\t124
6．1．1\tE-range124
6．1．2\tBattery Capacity126
6．1．3\tE-Range/Battery Capacity128
6．1．4\tPower Consumption/ton·（100 km）-1129

6．2\tVariation Trend of Development Characteristics of New Energy Commercial Vehicles131
6．2．1\tBus131
6．2．2\tSpecial Vehicle136

Special Topic 7\tPromotion and Application of Energy-saving Technology of Passenger Cars\t140
7．1\tTurbocharging Technology140
7．2\tGDI Technology144
7．3\tThree-cylinder Engine146
7．3．1\tDevelopment of Three-cylinder Engine Technology\t147
7．3．2\tOverview of Enterprises and Models Utilizing the Three-cylinder Engine Technology150

7．4\tMiller Cycle Technology152
7．4．1\tDevelopment of Miller Cycle Technology153
7．4．2\tOverview of Enterprises and Models Utilizing Miller Cycle Technology155
7．4．3\tIntroduction of Key Miller Cycle Engines158

7．5\tAdvanced Transmission Technology160
7．5．1\tDevelopment of Advanced Transmission Technology\t160
7．5．2\tOverview of Enterprises and Models Using 9AT， CVT and DCT164

7．6\tIdling Stop-start Technology168
7．7\tHybrid Power Technology172
7．7．1\tDevelopment of Hybrid Power Technology172
7．7．2\tOverview of Enterprises and Models Using the Hybrid Power Technology175

Special Topic 8\tTechnological Supporting Trend of Key Parts and Components of NEVs\t178
8．1\tPower Battery179
8．1．1\tCurrent Situation of Supporting Power Battery Industry179
8．1．2\tCurrent Situation of Power Battery Technology Development180
8．1．3\tDevelopment Opportunities and Challenges of Power Battery Industry182

8．2\tDrive Motor183
8．2．1\tOverview of Supporting Drive Motor Market183
8．2．2\tCurrent Situation of Drive Motor Technology186
8．2．3\tTrend of Drive Motor Technology187

8．3\tElectronic Control System188
8．3．1\tOverview of Supporting Electronic Control System Industry188
8．3．2\tDevelopment Trend of Electronic Control Technology\t191

Special Topic 9\tSpecial Study on Hot Technologies192
9．1\tAlternative Fuel Technology192
9．1．1\tNatural Gas Vehicle Technology193
9．1．2\tMethanol Automobile Technology203
9．1．3\tEthanol Fuel Technology208
9．1．4\tBiodiesel Fuel Technology214
9．1．5\tDimethyl Ether Fuel Technology217
9．1．6\tButanol-fueled Vehicle Technology219
9．1．7\tPODE and ABE Fuel Technology220

9．2\tPower Battery Technology222
9．2．1\tTechnology Background222
9．2．2\tRequirements for Future Power Battery Systems223
9．2．3\tLow Height Battery Pack227
9．2．4\tConclusion232

Special Topic 10\tEvaluation of Energy-saving Competitiveness of Passenger Cars\t
234
10．1\tPurpose and Significance of Energy-saving Competitiveness Evaluation234
10．2\tBuilding the Evaluation System of Energy-saving Competitiveness of Passenger Cars235
10．2．1\tData Index System of Factor Analysis235
10．2．2\tIntroduction on the Evaluation Method of Energy-saving Competitiveness236

10．3\tEvaluation and Rank of Energy-saving Competitiveness239
10．3．1\tEvaluation and Rank of Energy-saving Competitiveness of Sedans239
10．3．2\tEvaluation and Rank of Energy-saving Competitiveness of SUVs241
10．3．3\tEvaluation and Rank of Energy-saving Competitiveness of MPVs243

Special Topic 11\tEvaluation of the Gap between the Real-world Fuel Consumption and the Certified Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars245
11．1\tBackground of Fuel Consumption Gap Evaluation in China246
11．1．1\tCertified Fuel Consumption246
11．1．2\tReal-world Fuel Consumption247
11．1．3\tPurpose and Significance of Fuel Consumption Gap Evaluation248

11．2\tIntroduction on Study Method and Data Basis\t249
11．2．1\tStudy Method249
11．2．2\tData Source and Sample Information250

11．3\tFC Gap Analysis251
11．3．1\tOverall Fuel Consumption Gap251
11．3．2\tRegional Fuel Consumption Gap252
11．3．3\tTechnical Fuel Consumption Gap253
11．3．4\tBrand Fuel Consumption Gap257

11．4\tEvaluation Conclusions of the Gap between the Real-world Fuel Consumption and the Certified Fuel Consumption261
11．4．1\tSummary of Fuel Consumption Gap Evaluation261
11．4．2\tAnalysis of Reasons behind FC Gap262
11．4．3\tRecommendations of Vehicle Energy-saving Management Policies263

Special Topic 12\tResearch on Fuel Vehicle Sales Ban in Foreign Countries270
12．1\tOverview of Foreign Plan to Ban the Sale of Conventional Vehicles270
12．2\tAnalysis of Current Situation of Automobile Industry Development in Typical Countries
273
12．2．1\tDevelopment Status of German Automobile Industry and Development Environment of New Energy Vehicles273
12．2．2\tDevelopment Status of British Automobile Industry and Development Environment of New Energy Vehicles274
12．2．3\tDevelopment Status of French Automobile Industry and Development Environment of New Energy Vehicles274
12．2．4\tAnalysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Plans in Typical Countries275

Special Topic 13\tThe Fuel Consumption Management Strategy and Regulatory Plan for EU Heavy-duty Vehicles279
13．1\tEU Policy System for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in 2020279
13．2\tManagement Process of EU Heavy-duty Vehicle CO2 Emission281
13．3\tCompilation of CO2 Emission Regulation for EU Heavy-duty Vehicles285