●總論
一、西藏自然概況 2
二、中國科學院昆明動物研究所在西藏啟動的考察研究概況(2010-2018) 9
三、西藏兩棲爬行動物地理區劃分析 17
( 一) 兩棲動物地理區劃 17
( 二) 爬行動物地理區劃 23
四、青藏高原兩棲爬行動物的適應與進化 30
( 一) 高海撥適應 30
( 二) 基因組水平數據揭示高原特有物種—高山倭蛙的群體動態和物種分化 40
( 三) 高原沙蜥屬物種繁殖方式的進化及其遺傳基礎 42
( 四) 西藏特有物種高山倭蛙和西藏溫泉蛇基因組信息 45
各論*
兩棲綱AMPHIBIA 54
有尾目URODELA 56
一、小鯢科 Hynobiidae 56
1. 山溪鯢屬Batrachuperus Boulenger, 1878 56
(1) 無斑山溪鯢Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950 57
二、蠑螈科Salamandridae 62
2. 疣螈屬Tylototriton Anderson, 1871 62
(2) 棕黑疣螈Tylototriton cf. verrucosus Anderson, 1871 62
無尾目ANURA 65
三、角蟾科Megophryidae 65
3. 齒突蟾屬Scutiger Theobald, 1868 65
(3) 西藏齒突蟾Scutiger boulengeri(Bedriaga, 1898) 68
(4) 花齒突蟾Scutiger maculatus (Liu, 1950) 74
(5) 刺胸齒突蟾Scutiger mammatus (Günther, 1896) 75
(6) 林芝齒突蟾Scutiger nyingchiensis Fei, 1977 81
(7) 錫金齒突蟾Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth, 1854) 84
(8) 刺疣齒突蟾Scutiger spinosus Jiang, Wang, Li, and Che, 2016 89
(9) 吳氏齒突蟾Scutiger wuguanfui Jiang, Rao, Yuan, Wang, Li, Hou, Che, and Che, 2012 96
4. 擬髭蟾屬Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838 101
(10) 波普擬髭蟾Leptobrachium bompu Sondhi and Ohler, 2011 103
5. 異角蟾屬Xenophrys Günther, 1864 109
(11) 肯氏角蟾Xenophrys kempii(Annandale, 1912) 110
(12) 墨脫角蟾Xenophrys medogensis(Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983) 112
(13) 凸肛角蟾Xenophrys pachyproctus(Huang, 1981) 116
(14) 張氏角蟾Xenophrys zhangi(Ye and Fei, 1992) 120
四、蟾蜍科 123
6. 蟾蜍屬Bufo Garsault, 1764 123
(15) 華西蟾蜍Bufo cf. andrewsi Schmidt, 1925 125
(16) 中華蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 129
(16a) 中華蟾蜍- 青藏高原高海撥種群 129
(16b) 中華蟾蜍- 芒康金沙江河谷種群 136
7. 漠蟾屬Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 140
(17) 札達蟾蜍Bufotes zamdaensis(Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1999) 141
8. 頭稜蟾屬Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain et al., 2006 147
(18) 喜山蟾蜍Duttaphrynus himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 149
(19) 黑眶蟾蜍Duttaphrynus melanostictus(Schneider, 1799) 154
(20) 司徒蟾蜍Duttaphrynus stuarti (Smith, 1929) 160
(20a) 司徒蟾蜍察隅亞種Duttaphrynus stuarti cyphosus(Ye, 1977) 160
(20b) 司徒蟾蜍墨脫亞種Duttaphrynus stuarti medogensis ssp. nov. Jiang,Wang, Li, and Che 167
五、蛙科Ranidae 174
9. 湍蛙屬Amolops Cope, 1865 174
(21) 阿尼橋湍蛙Amolops aniqiaoensis Dong, Rao, and Lü, 2005 176
(22) 背崩湍蛙Amolops beibengensis sp. nov. Jiang, Li, Zou, Yan, and Che 181
(23) 察隅湍蛙Amolops chayuensis Sun, Luo, Sun, and Zhang, 2013 187
(24) 僜湍蛙Amolops deng sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, and Che 192
(25) 小耳湍蛙Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912) 200
(26) 吉隆湍蛙Amolops gyirongensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Wang, Pan, and Che 201
(27) 西域湍蛙Amolops cf. marmoratus (Blyth, 1855) 210
(28) 墨脫湍蛙 Amolops medogensis Li and Rao, 2005 212
(29) 林芝湍蛙Amolops nyingchiensis Jiang, Wang, Yan, e, Jiang, and Che, 2016 218
(30) 苔斑湍蛙Amolops wangyufani sp. nov. Jiang 224
(31) 雅江湍蛙Amolops yarlungzangbo sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Li, Qi, Li, and Che 231
10. 臭蛙屬Odorrana Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990 236
(32) 大吉嶺臭蛙Odorrana chloronota(Günther, 1875) 238
11. 蛙屬Rana Linnaeus, 1758 243
(33) 高原林蛙Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918 245
六、叉舌蛙科Dicroglossidae 249
12. 倭蛙屬Nanorana Günther, 1896 249
(34) 布蘭福棘蛙Nanorana blanfordii(Boulenger, 1882) 252
(35) 察隅棘蛙Nanorana chayuensis (Ye, 1977) 255
(36) 錯那棘蛙Nanorana conaensis (Fei and Huang, 1981) 261
(37) 棘臂蛙Nanorana liebigii(Günther, 1860) 266
(38) 墨脫棘蛙Nanorana medogensis(Fei and Ye, 1999) 273
(39) 高山倭蛙Nanorana parkeri(Stejneger, 1927) 277
(40) 倭蛙Nanorana pleskei Günther, 1896 286
(41) 波留寧棘蛙Nanorana polunini(Smith, 1951) 290
(42) 羅斯坦棘蛙Nanorana rostandi (Dubois, 1974) 294
13. 小跳蛙屬Ingerana Dubois, 1986 297
(43) 北小跳蛙Ingerana borealis(Annandale, 1912) 298
七、亞洲角蛙科Ceratobatrachidae 304
14. 舌突蛙屬Liurana Dubois, 1986 304
(44) 高山舌突蛙Liurana alpina Huang and Ye, 1997 306
(45) 墨脫舌突蛙Liurana medogensis Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1997 310
(46) 河谷舌突蛙Liurana vallecula Jiang, Wang, Wang, Li, and Che, 2019 314
(47) 西藏舌突蛙Liurana xizangensis(Hu, 1977) 317
八、樹蛙科Rhacophoridae 323
15. 費樹蛙屬Feihyla Frost, Grant, Faivovich et al., 2006 326
(48) 側條費樹蛙Feihyla vittata (Boulenger, 1887) 327
16. 纖樹蛙屬Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2005 330
(49) 墨脫纖樹蛙Gracixalus medogensis(Ye and Hu, 1984) 331
17. 原指樹蛙屬Kurixalus Ye, Fei, and Dubois, 1999 334
(50) 突吻原指樹蛙Kurixalus naso (Annandale, 1912) 335
18. 稜鼻樹蛙屬Nasutixalus Jiang, Yan, Wang, and Che, 2016 340
(51) 墨脫稜鼻樹蛙Nasutixalus medogensis Jiang, Wang, Yan, and Che, 2016 342
19. 泛樹蛙屬Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 347
(52) 布氏泛樹蛙Polypedates braueri(Vogt, 1911) 348
20. 灌樹蛙屬Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010 353
(53) 疣灌樹蛙Raorchestes cf. tuberculatus(Anderson, 1879) 354
21. 樹蛙屬Rhacophorus Kuhl and van Hasselt, 1822 359
(54) 雙斑樹蛙Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 361
(55) 緬甸樹蛙Rhacophorus burmanus(Andersson, 1939) 367
(56) 白頜大樹蛙Rhacophorus smaragdinus(Blyth, 1852) 373
(57) 橫紋樹蛙Rhacophorus translineatus Wu, 1977 378
(58) 圓疣樹蛙Rhacophorus tuberculatus(Anderson, 1871) 385
22. 稜皮樹蛙屬Theloderma Tschudi, 1838 394
(59) 背崩稜皮樹蛙Theloderma baibungense(Jiang, Fei, and Huang, 2009) 395
(60) 棘稜皮樹蛙Theloderma moloch(Annandale, 1912) 399
爬行綱 REPTILIA 406
有鱗目SQUAMATA 408
蜥蜴亞目LACERTILIA 408
一、壁虎科Gekkonidae 408
1. 隆趾虎屬Altiphylax Jerem？enko and Szczerbak, 1984 408
(1) 墨脫隆趾虎Altiphylax medogensis(Zhao and Li, 1987) 410
2. 裸趾虎屬Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 415
(2) 察隅裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus cayuensis Li, 2007 417
(3) 卡西裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus khasiensis(Jerdon, 1870) 422
(4) 西藏裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus tibetanus(Boulenger, 1905) 423
(5) 趙氏裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus zhaoermii Shi and Zhao, 2010 429
3. 蜥虎屬Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 432
(6) 寬尾蜥虎Hemidactylus platyurus(Schneider, 1797) 434
4. 半葉趾虎屬Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 439
(7) 察隅半葉趾虎Hemiphyllodactylus zayuensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, and Che 440
二、鬣蜥科Agamidae 444
5. 樹蜥屬Calotes Cuvier, 1816 445
(8) 綠背樹蜥Calotes jerdoni Günther, 1870 447
(9) 墨脫樹蜥Calotes medogensis Zhao and Li, 1984 450
(10) 異鱗蜥Calotes paulus(Smith, 1935) 456
6. 龍蜥屬Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 458
(11) 巴塘龍蜥Diploderma batangense(Li, Deng, Wu, and Wang, 2001) 460
(12) 侏龍蜥Diploderma drukdaypo(Wang, Ren, Jiang, Zou, Wu, Che, and Siler, 2019) . 466
(13) 滑腹龍蜥Diploderma laeviventre(Wang, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2016) 470
(14) 帆背龍蜥Diploderma vela(Wang, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2015) 475
7. 飛蜥屬Draco Linnaeus, 1758 480
(15) 斑飛蜥Draco maculatus(Gray, 1845) 482
8. 攀蜥屬Japalura Gray, 1853 485
(16) 長肢攀蜥Japalura andersoniana Annandale, 1905 486
(17) 三稜攀蜥Japalura tricarinata(Blyth, 1854) 492
9. 岩蜥屬Laudakia Gray, 1845 497
(18) 西藏岩蜥Laudakia papenfussi Zhao, 1998 498
(19) 拉薩岩蜥Laudakia sacra(Smith, 1935) 501
(20) 南亞岩蜥Laudakia tuberculata(Gray, 1827) 512
(21) 吳氏岩蜥Laudakia wui Zhao, 1998 516
10. 混鱗蜥屬Mictopholis Smith, 1935 522
(22) 混鱗蜥Mictopholis austeniana(Annandale, 1908) 523
11. 沙蜥屬Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825 527
(23) 紅尾沙蜥Phrynocephalus erythrurus Zugmayer, 1909 529
(24) 西藏沙蜥Phrynocephalus theobaldi Blyth, 1863 536
12. 喉褶蜥屬Ptyctolaemus Peters, 1864 541
(25) 喉褶蜥Ptyctolaemus gularis(Peters, 1864) 543
三、蛇蜥科Anguidae 548
13. 脆蛇蜥屬Dopasia Gray, 1853 548
(26) 細脆蛇蜥Dopasia gracilis(Gray, 1845) 549
四、石龍子科Scincidae 553
14. 裂瞼蜥屬Asymblepharus Eremtschenko and Szczerbak, 1980 553
(27) 喜山裂瞼蜥Asymblepharus himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 555
(28) 拉達克裂瞼蜥Asymblepharus ladacensis(Günther, 1864) 560
(29) 墨脫裂瞼蜥Asymblepharus medogensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wu, Guo, Li, and Che 564
(30) 林芝裂瞼蜥Asymblepharus nyingchiensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wu, Wang, Ding, and Che 568
(31) 錫金裂瞼蜥Asymblepharus sikimmensis(Blyth, 1854) 574
(32) 裂瞼蜥屬未定種( 札達)Asymblepharus sp. (Zanda) 577
15. 滑蜥屬Scincella Mittleman, 1950 581
(33) 長肢滑蜥Scincella doriae (Boulenger, 1887) 582
16. 蜓蜥屬Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 585
(34) 墨脫蜓蜥Sphenomorphus courcyanus(Annandale, 1912) 587
(35) 銅蜓蜥Sphenomorphus indicus(Gray, 1853) 589
(36) 斑蜓蜥Sphenomorphus maculatus(Blyth, 1853) 593
蛇亞目SERPENTES 598
五、蝰科Viperidae 598
17. 亞洲蝮屬Gloydius Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1981 598
(37) 瀾滄蝮Gloydius huangi Wang, Ren, Dong, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2019 600
18. 烙鐵頭蛇屬Ovophis Burger, 1981 603
(38) 山烙鐵頭蛇Ovophis monticola(Günther, 1864) 605
(39) 察隅烙鐵頭蛇Ovophis zayuensis(Jiang, 1977) 609
19. 原矛頭蝮屬Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1983 614
(40) 喜山原矛頭蝮Protobothrops himalayanus Pan, Chettri, Yang, Jiang, Wang,Zhang, and Vogel, 2013 615
(41) 菜花原矛頭蝮Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther, 1875) 620
(42) 緬北原矛頭蝮Protobothrops kaulbacki(Smith, 1940) 625
20. 竹葉青蛇屬Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804 629
(43) 墨脫竹葉青蛇Trimeresurus(Viridovipera)medoensis Djao, 1977 630
(44) 西藏竹葉青蛇Trimeresurus(Himalayophis) tibetanus Huang, 1982 634
六、遊蛇科Colubridae 637
21. 珠光蛇屬Blythia Theobald, 1868 638
(45) 珠光蛇Blythia reticulata(Blyth, 1854) 638
22. 過樹蛇屬Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 640
(46) 喜山過樹蛇Dendrelaphis biloreatus Wall, 1908 642
(47) 藍綠過樹蛇Dendrelaphis cyanochloris(Wall, 1921) 644
23. 錦蛇屬Elaphe Fitzinger, 1833 648
(48) 坎氏錦蛇Elaphe cantoris(Boulenger, 1894) 649
(49) 南峰錦蛇Elaphe hodgsonii(Günther, 1860) 652
(50) 黑眉錦蛇Elaphe taeniura Cope, 1861 655
24. 玉斑蛇屬Euprepiophis Fitzinger, 1843 660
(51) 玉斑錦蛇Euprepiophis mandarinus(Cantor, 1842) 660
25. 紫灰蛇屬Oreocryptophis Utiger, Sch？tti and Helfenberger, 2005 662
(52) 紫灰錦蛇Oreocryptophis porphyraceus(Cantor, 1839) 663
26. 東亞腹鏈蛇屬Hebius Thompson, 1913 666
(53) 卡西腹鏈蛇Hebius khasiensis(Boulenger, 1890) 668
27. 喜山腹鏈蛇屬Herpetoreas Günther, 1860 670
(54) 察隅腹鏈蛇Herpetoreas burbrinki Guo, Zhu, Liu, Zhang, Li, Huang and Pyron, 2014 671
(55) 雙帶腹鏈蛇Herpetoreas cf. parallelum(Boulenger, 1890) 673
(56) 平頭腹鏈蛇Herpetoreas platyceps(Blyth, 1854) 677
28. 滑鱗蛇屬Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843 679
(57) 滑鱗蛇Liopeltis frenatus(Günther, 1858) 680
29. 鏈蛇屬Lycodon Boie, 1826 683
(58) 雙全白環蛇Lycodon cf. fasciatus(Anderson, 1879) 685
(59) 白鏈蛇Lycodon septentrionalis(Günther, 1875) 688
(60) 察隅鏈蛇Lycodon zayuensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Jin, and Che 691
30. 小頭蛇屬Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 696
(61) 喜山小頭蛇Oligodon albocinctus(Cantor, 1839) 697
(62) 墨脫小頭蛇Oligodon lipipengi sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding, and Che 701
(63) 黑帶小頭蛇Oligodon melanozonatus Wall, 1922 705
31. 扁頭蛇屬Platyceps Blyth, 1860 707
(64) 紅脊扁頭蛇Platyceps rhodorachis(Jan, 1863) 708
32. 斜鱗蛇屬Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890 710
(65) 大眼斜鱗蛇Pseudoxenodon macrops(Blyth, 1855) 711
33. 鼠蛇屬Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843 716
(66) 黑線烏梢蛇Ptyas nigromarginata(Blyth, 1854) 717
34. 頸槽蛇屬Rhabdophis Fitzinger, 1843 720
(67) 喜山頸槽蛇Rhabdophis himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 722
(68) 緬甸頸槽蛇Rhabdophis leonardi(Wall, 1923) 725
35. 劍蛇屬Sibynophis Fitzinger, 1843 731
(69) 黑領劍蛇Sibynophis collaris(Gray, 1853) 732
36. 溫泉蛇屬Thermophis Malnate, 1953 735
(70) 西藏溫泉蛇Thermophis baileyi(Wall, 1907) 736
37. 坭蛇屬Trachischium Günther, 1858 743
(71) 耿氏坭蛇Trachischium guentheri Boulenger, 1890 744
(72) 山坭蛇Trachischium monticola(Cantor, 1839) 747
(73) 小頭坭蛇Trachischium tenuiceps(Blyth, 1854) 750
七、鈍頭蛇科Pareatidae 754
38. 鈍頭蛇屬Pareas Wagler, 1830 754
(74) 喜山鈍頭蛇Pareas monticola(Cantor, 1839) 755
八、眼鏡蛇科Elapidae 758
39. 環蛇屬Bungarus Daudin, 1803 758
(75) 環蛇Bungarus bungaroides(Cantor, 1839) 759
40. 眼鏡蛇屬Naja Laurenti, 1768 761
(76) 孟加拉眼鏡蛇Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 762
41. 眼鏡王蛇屬Ophiophagus Güther, 1864 763
(77) 眼鏡王蛇Ophiophagus hannah(Cantor, 1836) 763
42. 華珊瑚蛇屬Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy, and Lawson, 2001 770
(78) 中華珊瑚蛇Sinomicrurus macclellandi(Reinhardt, 1844)
