●導讀 iii
Abbreviations xv
Series Editors’ note xviii
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Test-taker characteristics 20
3 Cognitive validity 39
4 Context validity 73
5 Scoring validity 164
6 Consequential validity 252
7 Criterion-related validity 265
8 Conclusions and recommendations 279
Appendices 298
Appendix A:Sample Writing tasks from Main Suite examinations 298
Appendix B:Candidate Information Sheet 312
Appendix C:Revised method of assessment for IELTS Writing 314
Appendix D:Current Cambridge ESOL rating procedures and marking models 315
Appendix E:Standard procedures for the production of Writing examination materials 325
Appendix F:Minimum Professional Requirements for examiners of ESOL Writing tests 331
Appendix G:Computer-based (CB) exam versions: Issues and directions 336
Appendix H:Electronic Script Management in Cambridge ESOL:Issues and directions 343
References 360
Subject index 383