1 How legal rules are made如何制定法律規則

legal rules and“law”法律規則和“法”

The formulation of the law: cases and statutes法律體繫：判例法和制定法

English ancestry of American law美國法的英國血統

Development ofspecial doctrines and procedure“In
equity”“衡平法”專門學說和程序的發展

Survivals of doctrines and procedures of formerly independent
courts先前獨立法院的原理和程序的保留

Lack of uniformity In state law州法的不統一



2 The dual court structure雙重法院體制



3 Civil proceedings: objectives民事訴訟：目的

Obtaining payment of money獲得金錢支付

Foreclosure of lien取消留置權

Terminating existing wrong—preventing threatened
wrong終止現有過錯——防止過錯威脅

Protection of creditors of insolvent or embarrassed
debtors對破產或財政困難的債務人的債權人的保護

Declaration of rights權利確認



4 Civil proceedings: jurisdiction民事訴訟：管轄權

Cases brought only in the federal court隻能在聯邦法院起訴之案件

Cases in either state or federal courts可在州法院或聯邦法院提起的案件

Cases brought only in state courts隻在州法院提起之案件

State in which action may be brought可提起訴訟之州

Jurisdiction by attachment查封管轄

Court in which action may be brought可提起訴訟之法院



5 Civil proceedings: procedure民事訴訟：程序

Pleadings訴辯狀

Law applicable to issues of law法律問題之準據法

Pre4rial p roceedings大審前程序

Rightto Jurytrial陪審團審理權

Trial ofissues offact事實問題審

The future of the civil jury民事審判團之未來

Appeal上訴

Voluntary arbitration as a substitute for civil
litigation替代民訴之自願仲裁



6 Criminal proceedings：investigation, arrest, and
accusation刑事訴訟：偵查、拘捕和起訴

Constitutional limitations upon Investigative
agencies憲法對偵查機關的限制

Obtalnlng dlsclosure of informatlon獲得信息披露

Search for physical evidence搜查物證

Eavesdropplng竊聽

Arrest拘捕

Prellmlnaryjudicial examination of charge made
bypolice對警方指控的司法預審

The right to counsel at the preliminary examination預審中律師的權利

Furnishing defendant with assistance in
investigatlon給被告提供偵查援助



7 Criminal proceedings: plea, trial,
sentence．appeal刑事訴訟程序：抗辯、大審、量刑、上訴

Extradition引渡

Pleading: importance of the plea of guilty辯護：有罪辯護之重要性

Sentencing on plea of guilty有罪辯護之量刑

Furnishing trial counsel to the indigent defendant給窮困被告提供大審律師

Right to jury trial陪審團審權

Method of proof證明方法

Selection of the Jury挑選陪審團

Trial procedu re大審程序

Thejury's role In sentencing陪審團在量刑中的角色

Appeal上訴

Post-conviction remedies定罪後的補救辦法



8 Administrative justice行政司法

The meaning of "administrative"“行政”的意義

Adjudication of private disputes私人爭議的裁決

Enforcement of regulatory statutes行政管理法規的強制執行

The enforcement proceeding強制執行程序

Adminlstrative lustlce and the courts行政司法和法院

Necessity for a dual system of trlbunals雙重體繫裁判庭的必要性



9 Militaryjustice軍事司法

Courts-martial臨時軍事法庭

General court-martlal一般臨時軍事法庭

Milltary commissions特別軍事法庭



10 The cou rts as a check on the executive法院對行政機關的制約

Court supervision of executive adjudlcatlon法院對行政裁決的監督

Grounds ofjudiclal condemnation of executive
action司法宣布行政行為不當的依據

Prohibition of contemplated executive action禁止計劃實施的行政行為

Undoing wrongful executive action撤銷違法行政行為

Recovery of compensation for wrongful executive
action違法行政行為的索賠

Compelling executive action強制性行政作為

Criminal proceedlngs against executive offlcers對行政官員的刑事訴訟

The federal cou rts as a check on state officials聯邦法院對州官的制約

Control of executlve action in time of public disorder or of
war公共騷亂期間或戰時對行政行為的控制



11 The courts as a check on legislation法院對立法的制約

Power to void legislation exercised by highest cou rts
only隻有法院方能行使的廢除立法權

Difficulty of constltutlonal amendment as affecting Importance of
iudlclal review修憲難與司法審查重要性的關繫

Generality of constitutional provisions as affecting Importance of
judicial review憲法條文籠統性與司法審查重要性的關繫

Amblgulty of the Constitution on allocation of power of economic
regulation《聯邦憲法》在經濟管理權分配上的含混

The concept of "due process of law"“正當法律程序”概念



12 Manning the machinery ofjustice對公平機制的操控

The selection ofjudges：the political factor挑選法官：政治因素

The federal judlclary聯邦法官

State judiciarles州法官

Jurors陪審員

Administrative adjudicators行政裁決人員

Arbitrators仲裁員

Public prosecutors公訴人