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開本:16開 紙張:膠版紙 包裝:精裝 是否套裝:否 國際標準書號ISBN:9787568087650 叢書名:智能制造與機器人理論及技術研究叢書 作者:聞邦椿,(美)黃顯利,李以農,張義民 出版社:華中科技大學出版社 出版時間:2023年02月 
" 編輯推薦 該書由我國振動領域領銜專家聞邦椿院士撰寫,繫統性介紹了振動利用工程。該書入選“十三五”國家重點圖書出版規劃項目。 內容簡介 This book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the formation and devel?opment of the Vibration Utilization Engineering; Chap. 2 devotes to some of the important research results in the vibration and waveenergy utilization in some technological processes; Chap. 3 describes the theories on the technological process of the vibration utilization technology and equipments; Chaps. 4 and 5 discuss the vibration utilizations of the linear, pseudo-linear, and non-linear systems; Chap. 6 presents the utilization of the wave and wave-energy; and Chap. 7 briefly illustrates the vibration phenomena and utilizations in the Natures and human societies. 作者簡介 聞邦椿,1930年生,教授,博士生導師,中國科學院院士。國際機器理論與機構學聯合會(IFToMM)中國委員會委員,國際轉子動力學技術委員會委員,亞太振動會議指導委員會委員, 中國振動工程學會名譽理事長;國務院學位委員會機械工程學科評議組成員等。主要研究方向:機械繫統非線性動力學、振動利用工程、現代機械產品綜合設計理論與方法。獲國際獎兩項, 國家發明獎和科技進步獎3項, 省、部、委級獎10餘項,國家專利8項。發表論文700餘篇, SCI、EI和ISTP三大檢索論文150餘篇。專著和主編的論文集14部。 目錄 1 Formation and Development of Vibration Utilization
Engineering ................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Vibrating Machines and Instruments and Application of Its
Related Technology and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Applications and Developments of Nonlinear Vibration
Utilization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 Formation and Development of Vibration Utilization
Engineering ................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Vibrating Machines and Instruments and Application of Its
Related Technology and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Applications and Developments of Nonlinear Vibration
Utilization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Applications and Developments of Wave Motion and Wave
Energy Utilization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Applications of Electrics, Magnetic and Light Oscillators
in Engineering Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Applications of Electrics, Magnetic and Light Oscillators
in Engineering Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7 Vibrating Phenomena, Patterns and Utilization in Natures . . . . . . . 18
1.8 Vibrating Phenomena, Patterns and Utilization in Human
Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 Some Important Results in Vibration and Wave Utilization
Engineering Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Utilization of Vibrating Conveyors Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Applications of Vibrating Screening Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Applications of Vibrating Centrifugal Hydro-Extraction
and Screening Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Applications of Vibrating Crush and Milling Technology . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 Applications of Vibrating Rolling and Forming Technology . . . . . 31
2.6 Applications of Vibrating Tamping Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.7 Applications of Vibrating Ramming Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.8 Applications of Vibration Diagnostics Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.9 Applications of Synchronous Vibrating Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10 Applications of Resonance Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.10.1 The General Utilization of the Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.10.2 Application of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance . . . . . . . . 39
2.11 Applications of Hysteresis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.12 Applications of Impact Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.13 Applications of Slow-Changing Parameter Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.14 Applications of Chaos Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.15 Applications of Piecewise Inertial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.16 Applications of Piecewise Restoring Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.17 Utilization of Water Wave and Wind Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.18 Applications of Tense or Elastic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.19 Utilization of Supersonic Theory and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.19.1 The Application of the Supersonic Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.19.2 Significance and Function in Medical Diagnostics
of B-Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.20 Applications of Optical Fiber and Laser Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.20.1 Application of the Optical Fiber Technology . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.20.2 Application of Laser Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.21 Utilizations of Ray Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.22 Utilization of Oscillation Theory and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.23 Utilization of Vibrating Phenomena and Patterns
in Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.24 Utilization of Vibrating Phenomena and Patterns in Social
Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.25 Utilizations of Vibrating Principles in Biology Engineering
and Medical Equipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3 Theory of Vibration Utilization Technology and Equipment
Technological Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1 Theory and Technological Parameter Computation
of Material Movement on Line Vibration Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.1 Theory of Sliding Movement of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1.2 Theory of Material Throwing Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1.3 Selections of Material Movement State
and Kinematics Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.1.4 Calculation of Real Conveying Speed
and Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.1.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2 Theory and Technological Parameter Computation
of Circular and Ellipse Vibration Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2.1 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
of Vibrating Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2.2 Theory of Material Sliding Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.3 Theory of Material Throwing Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Contents xiii
3.3 Basic Characteristics of Material Movement
in Non-harmonic Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Initial Conditions for Positive and Negative Sliding
Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.2 Stopping Conditions for Positive and Negative
Sliding Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.3 Calculations of Averaged Material Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.4 Theory on Material Movement in Vibrating Centrifugal
Hydroextractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4.1 Basic Characteristics of Material Movement
on Upright Vibration Hydroextractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.4.2 Characteristics of Material Movement
on Horizontal Vibration Hydroextractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4.3 Computation of Kinematics and Technological
Parameters of Vibration Centrifugal Hydroextractor . . . . . 115
3.5 Probability Theory on Material Screening Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.5.1 Probability of Screening for Material Particle Per
Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.5.2 Falling Incline Angle and Number of Jumps
of Materials on Screen Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.5.3 Calculation of Probability of Material Going
Through Screens for a General Vibration Screen . . . . . . . . 124
3.5.4 Calculation of Probability of Material Going
Through Screens for a Multi-screen Vibrating
Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.6 Classification of Screening Method and Probability
Thick-Layer Screening Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6.1 Screening Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6.2 Screening Methods for Probability Thick Layer
Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.7 Dynamic Theory of Vibrating Machine Technological
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4 Linear and Pseudo Linear Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.1 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibrating Machines of Planer
Single-Axis Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibrating Machines of Spatial
Single-Axis Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibration Machines
of Double-Axis Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.3.1 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibrating Machines
of Planer Double-Axis Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.3.2 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibration Machines
of Spatial Double-Axis Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
xiv Contents
4.4 Dynamics of Non-resonant Vibration Machines of Multi-axis
Inertial Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.4.1 General Pattern of Planer Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.4.2 Values of Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
Curves and Differential Coefficients When θ2 is
Equal to /2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.5 Dynamics of Inertial Near-Resonant Type of Vibration
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.5.1 Dynamics of Single Body Near-Resonant Vibration
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.5.2 Dynamics of Double Body Near-Resonant
Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.6 Dynamics of Single Body Elastic Connecting Rod Type
of Near Resonance Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.7 Dynamics of Double Body Elastic Connecting Rod Type
of Near Resonance Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.7.1 Balanced Type of Vibration Machines with Double
Body Elastically Connecting Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.7.2 Non-balance Double Body Type of Elastically
Connecting Rod Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.8 Multi-body Elastic-Connecting Rod Type of Near-Resonant
Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.9 Dynamics of Electric–Magnetic Resonant Type of Vibrating
Machines with Harmonic Electric–Magnetic Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.9.1 Basic Categories of Electric–Magnetic Forces
of Electric–Magnetic Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.9.2 Dynamics of Electric–Magnetic Type of Vibrating
Machines with Harmonic Electric–Magnetic Force . . . . . 180
4.9.3 Amplitudes and Phase Angle Differentials
of One-Half-Period Rectification EMTVM . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.9.4 Amplitudes and Phase Angle Differentials
of One-Half-Period Plus One-Period Rectification
EMTVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.10 Dynamics of Electric–Magnetic Type of Near-Resonant
Vibration Machines with Non-Harmonic Electric–Magnetic
Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.10.1 Relationships Between Electric–Magnetic Force
and Amplitudes of Controlled One-Half-Period
Rectification EMTVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.10.2 Relationships Between Electric–Magnetic Force
and Amplitudes of the Decreased Frequency
EMTVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Contents xv
5 Utilization of Nonlinear Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.2 Utilization of Smooth Nonlinear Vibration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2.1 Measurement of Dry Friction Coefficients Between
Axis and Its Bushing Using Double Pendulum . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2.2 Measurement of Dynamic Friction Coefficients
of Rolling Bearing Using Flode Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.2.3 Increase the Stability of Vibrating Machines Using
Hard-Smooth Nonlinear Vibrating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.3 Engineering Utilization of Piece-Wise-Linear Nonlinear
Vibration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3.1 Hard-Symmetric Piece-Wise Linear Vibration
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3.2 Soft-Asymmetric Piece-Wise Linear Vibration
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.3.3 Nonlinear Vibration Systems with Complex
Piece-Wise Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.4 Utilization of Vibration Systems with Hysteresis Nonlinear
Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.4.1 Simplest Hysteresis Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.4.2 Hysteresis Systems with Gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
5.5 Utilization of Self-excited Vibration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.6 Utilization of Nonlinear Vibration Systems with Impact . . . . . . . . . 233
5.7 Utilization of Frequency-Entrainment Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.7.1 Synchronous Theory of Self-synchronous Vibrating
Machine with Eccentric Exciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
5.7.2 Double Frequency Synchronization of Nonlinear
Self-synchronous Vibration Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.8 Utilization of Nonlinear Vibration Systems with Nonlinear
Inertial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5.8.1 Movement Equations for Vibration Centrifugal
Hydro-Extractor with Nonlinear Inertial Force . . . . . . . . . 259
5.8.2 Nonlinear Vibration Responses of Vibration
Centrifugal Hydro-Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.8.3 Frequency-Magnitude Characteristics of Vibration
Centrifugal Hydro-Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
5.8.4 Experiment Vibration Responses of Vibration
Centrifugal Hydro-Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
5.9 Utilization of Slowly-Changing Parameter Nonlinear
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
5.9.1 Slowly-Changing Systems Formed in Processes
of Starting and Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
5.9.2 Slowly-Changing Rotor Systems Formed in Active
Control Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
xvi Contents
5.10 Utilization of Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.10.1 Major Methods for Studying Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.10.2 Software of Studying Chaos Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.10.3 Application Examples of Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6 Utilization of Wave and Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
6.1 Utilization of Tidal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
6.2 Utilization of Sea Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
6.3 Utilization of Stress Wave in Vibrating Oil Exploration . . . . . . . . . 288
6.3.1 Mechanism and Working Principles of Controllable
Super-Low Frequency Vibration Exciters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
6.3.2 Effect of Stress Wave on Oil Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
6.3.3 Experiment Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
6.3.4 Elastic Stress Wave Propagation When
a Controllable Vibration Source is Working . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
7 Utilization of Vibrating Phenomena and Patterns in Nature
and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.1 Utilization of Vibration Phenomena and Patterns
in Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.2 Periodical Vibration and Utilization of the Tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.3 Vibration Patterns and Utilization in Other Natural
Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.3.1 Periodical Phenomenon of Tree Year-Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.3.2 Bee’s Communications Using Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
7.4 Utilization of Vibration Phenomena and Patterns in Some
Economy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.4.1 Fluctuation and Nonlinear Characteristics in Social
Economy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.4.2 Growth and Decline Period in Social Economy
Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
7.4.3 Active Role of Macro-adjustment in Preventing
Big Economy Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
7.5 Utilization of Vibration Phenomena and Patterns in Stock
Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
7.5.1 Stock Fluctuation is One of Typical Types
of Economy Change Form in Social Economy Fields . . . . 326
7.5.2 Stock Market Characteristics and General Patterns
of Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
7.5.3 Some Principles in Stock Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
7.6 Obey the General Rules in the Stock Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
7.7 The Entering Point and Withdrawing Points in the Stock
Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Contents xvii
7.8 Utilization of Vibration Phenomena and Pattern in Human
Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
7.8.1 Vibration is a Basic Existing Form of Many Human
Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
7.8.2 Some Diseases Make Abnormal Fluctuations
(Vibration) in Human Organs Physical Parameters . . . . . . 336
7.8.3 Medical Devices and Equipment Based
on Vibration Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
7.8.4 Artificial Organs and Devices Using Vibration
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
7.9 Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 前言 Vibration, or oscillation, is a periodic movement in time of a system around a certain equilibrium position. The system consists of at least an element for storing kinetic energy and one for storing potential energy. The vibration is a process of energy-type exchanges between the kinetic and potential energies. The equilibrium position is the state in which the potential energy becomes zero. The periodicity of the movement is described in frequency which is the measurement of the numbers of times the repeated events that occurred in a unit time. Vibration is an omnipresent type of
dynamic behavior of a system and exists in many forms, such as sound and music.
Vibration, or oscillation, is a periodic movement in time of a system around a certain equilibrium position. The system consists of at least an element for storing kinetic energy and one for storing potential energy. The vibration is a process of energy-type exchanges between the kinetic and potential energies. The equilibrium position is the state in which the potential energy becomes zero. The periodicity of the movement is described in frequency which is the measurement of the numbers of times the repeated events that occurred in a unit time. Vibration is an omnipresent type of
dynamic behavior of a system and exists in many forms, such as sound and music.
Human beings first recognized the vibration phenomenon by entertaining them?selves with percussion, string, and plate music instruments in ancient times. Just like the time when the lever principle was discovered is much later than that of its real utilization in human history, the time when the vibration and acoustics theory on the principles of the music instruments were discovered is much later than that of the music instruments were made and played. The earliest music instrument unearthed in Henan Province, China, is a bone flute, which can be traced back about 6000–5000 years B.C., while the earliest string vibration frequency and music acoustic theory for a string instrument ever written and published in Chinese history is around 700
B.C. in “Guanzi” by Guan Zhong (723–645 B.C.). In his music-scale algorithm, if the length of the basic string for the major tone is 1, the string lengths of the next scales are either added 1/3 (4/3) of the basic length or subtracted 1/3 (or 2/3), other music scales are determined by this 1/3 length rule, and he obtained five tones by this algorithm:
C, D, E, G, A. It’s amazing that more than 100 years later the Greek Philosopher and Mathematician Pythagoras (570–504 B.C.) discovered independently the very similar theory for seven tones: The Pythagorean scale.
Human beings first learned the vibration and acoustics of the plates and shells also from music instrument manufacturers. “Kaogongji” or “Artificer’s Record” 500 B.C. in Chinese history, recorded the Bian-Qing (sound bian-ching). It is a set of percussion, made of high-quality stones such as jade, with several fixed music scales.
The “Kaogongji” specifically described how to adjust the percussion music scale: “if music scale is higher, filing the surfaces of the plate, if the scale is lower, then filing the edges of the plate”. These technological processes, even though not giving exactly the quantitative relation between the natural frequencies of the plate and its geometrical parameters, are indeed in accordance qualitatively with the contemporary vibration and acoustic principles of the plate and shells: filing the surfaces of the plate makes the plate thinner and natural frequencies will be decreased while filing the edges of the plate makes the plate relatively thicker thus the natural frequencies will be increased.
One of the most important dynamic properties for the vibrations of a system is the inherit frequency or natural frequency. The vibrating movements of a system occur by external forces or internal self-excitement. When the frequencies of the excitation are the same or near the system’s natural frequencies, the responses of the systems will become larger and larger, which is called the resonance. The resonance has a variety of applications, such as radio, television, and music. The large-magnitude vibrations, such as large magnitude earthquakes, tsunamis, could bring harmful,devastative, and even catastrophic damages to properties and human lives. People tried to predict the earthquake by vibrating devices. In 132 A.D. Zhang Heng (78–
139 A.D.), a Chinese mathematician, an astronomer, and a geographer, invented the vibration utilization device: Seismographer. The shape of the device looks like a goblet. Eight (8) exquisitely casting dragons, upside down, attached to the body ofthe device. The eight dragons are mounted in the North, South, East, West, North?east, Southeast, Northwest, and Southwest directions, respectively, representing the earthquake directions. There is a ball in each dragon’s month. There is a vivid toad,mounted separately to the body, under each dragon. It is said that when an earth?quake occurs the dragon in the earthquake direction will release its ball in its mouth into the toad mouth as a prediction indication. The exact mechanism inside was not
well documented. It was recorded in history books that this device had successfully predicted an earthquake about 600 miles away in 138 A.D. just 1 year before he died.
In modern days, tens of thousands of types of vibrating machines and instruments have been successfully used to accomplish a variety of technological procedures in the fields | | |