亞伯拉罕·西爾伯沙茨
（Abraham Silberschatz）
於紐約州立大學石溪分校獲得博士學位，現為耶魯大學計算機科學繫Sidney J. Weinberg教授，曾任貝爾實驗室信息科學研究中心副主任。他是ACM會士、IEEE 會士以及康涅狄格科學與工程學會的成員，獲得了48項專利和24項授權。他還是教科書《操作繫統概念》的作者。
亨利·F. 科思
（Henry F. Korth）
於普林斯頓大學獲得博士學位，現為理海大學計算機科學與工程繫教授和計算機科學與商業項目聯合主任，曾任貝爾實驗室數據庫原理研究中心主任、松下科技副總裁、得克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校副教授以及IBM研究中心研究人員。他是ACM會士、IEEE會士以及VLDB會議10年貢獻獎的獲得者。他的研究涉及數據庫繫統的方方面面，近，他的研究致力於解決區塊鏈在企業數據庫中的應用問題。
S. 蘇達爾尚
（S. Sudarshan）
於威斯康星大學獲得博士學位，現為印度理工學院孟買校區Subrao M. Nilekani講席教授，曾為貝爾實驗室技術人員。他是ACM會士，發表了100餘篇論文並獲得15項專利。他目前的研究領域包括SQL查詢的測試和分級、通過重寫命令式代碼來優化數據庫應用程序，以及並行數據庫的查詢優化。

Chapter 1Introduction1
1.1 Database-System Applications1
1.2 Purpose of Database Systems5
1.3 View of Data8
1.3.1 Data Models8
1.3.2 Relational Data Model9
1.3.3 Data Abstraction9
1.3.4 Instances and Schemas12
1.4 Database Languages13
1.4.1 Data-Definition Language13
1.4.2 The SQL Data-Definition Language14
1.4.3 Data-Manipulation Language15
1.4.4 The SQL Data-Manipulation Language16
1.4.5 Database Access from Application Programs16
1.5 Database Design17
1.6 Database Engine18
1.6.1 Storage Manager19
1.6.2 The Query Processor20
1.6.3 Transaction Management20
1.7 Database and Application Architecture21
1.8 Database Users and Administrators23
1.8.1 Database Users and User Interfaces24
1.8.2 Database Administrator24
1.9 History of Database Systems25
1.10 Summary29
Review Terms30
Practice Exercises31
Exercises32
Tools33
Further Reading33
Bibliography33
PART 1RELATIONAL LANGUAGES
Chapter 2Introduction to the Relational Model37
2.1 Structure of Relational Databases37
2.2 Database Schema41
2.3 Keys43
2.4 Schema Diagrams46
2.5 Relational Query Languages47
2.6 Summary48
Review Terms49
Practice Exercises49
Exercises50
Further Reading51
Bibliography51
Chapter 3Introduction to SQL53
3.1 Overview of the SQL Query Language53
3.2 SQL Data Definition54
3.2.1 Basic Types55
3.2.2 Basic Schema Definition56
3.3 Basic Structure of SQL Queries59
3.3.1 Queries on a Single Relation59
3.3.2 Queries on Multiple Relations62
3.4 Additional Basic Operations67
3.4.1 The Rename Operation67
3.4.2 String Operations70
3.4.3 Attribute Specification in the Select Clause71
3.4.4 Ordering the Display of Tuples71
3.4.5 Where-Clause Predicates72
3.5 Set Operations73
3.5.1 The Union Operation74
3.5.2 The Intersect Operation75
3.5.3 The Except Operation76
3.6 Null Values77
3.7 Aggregate Functions79
3.7.1 Basic Aggregation79
3.7.2 Aggregation with Grouping80
3.7.3 The Having Clause83
3.7.4 Aggregation with Null and Boolean Values84
3.8 Nested Subqueries86
3.8.1 Set Membership86
3.8.2 Set Comparison87
3.8.3 Test for Empty Relations89
3.8.4 Test for the Absence of Duplicate Tuples91
3.8.5 Subqueries in the From Clause92
3.8.6 The With Clause93
3.8.7 Scalar Subqueries94
3.8.8 Scalar Without a From Clause95
3.9 Modification of the Database96
3.9.1 Deletion96
3.9.2 Insertion98
3.9.3 Updates99
3.10 Summary102
Review Terms103
Practice Exercises103
Exercises107
Tools111
Further Reading112
Bibliography112
Chapter 4Intermediate SQL113
4.1 Join Expressions113
4.1.1 The Natural Join114
4.1.2 Join Conditions118
4.1.3 Outer Joins119
4.1.4 Join Types and Conditions124
4.2 Views125
4.2.1 View Definition126
4.2.2 Using Views in SQL Queries126
4.2.3 Materialized Views128
4.2.4 Update of a View128
4.3 Transactions131
4.4 Integrity Constraints133
4.4.1 Constraints on a Single Relation134
4.4.2 Not Null Constraint134
4.4.3 Unique Constraint135
4.4.4 The Check Clause135
4.4.5 Referential Integrity137
4.4.6 Assigning Names to Constraints139
4.4.7 Integrity Constraint Violation During a Transaction139
4.4.8 Complex Check Conditions and Assertions140
4.5 SQL Data Types and Schemas141
4.5.1 Date and Time Types in SQL142
4.5.2 Type Conversion and Formatting Functions143
4.5.3 Default Values144
4.5.4 Large-Object Types144
4.5.5 User-Defined Types146
4.5.6 Generating Unique Key Values148
4.5.7 Create Table Extensions150
4.5.8 Schemas, Catalogs, and Environments150
4.6 Index Definition in SQL152
4.7 Authorization153
4.7.1 Granting and Revoking of Privile

Database management has evolved from a specialized computer application to a central component of a modern computing environment, and, as a result, knowledge about database systems has become an essential part of an education in computer science.
This book is adapted from the seventh edition of Database System Concepts, for a first course in databases at the junior or senior undergraduate level. In this text, we present the fundamental concepts of database management. These concepts include aspects of database design, database languages, and database-system implementation. In addition to basic material for a first course, the text contains advanced material that can be used for course supplements, or as introductory material for an advanced course.
We assume only a familiarity with basic data structures, computer organization, and a high-level programming language such as Java, C, C , or Python. We present concepts as intuitive descriptions, many of which are based on our running example of a university. Important theoretical results are covered, but formal proofs are omitted. In place of proofs, figures and examples are used to suggest why a result is true. Formal descriptions and proofs of theoretical results may be found in research papers and advanced texts that are referenced in the bibliographical notes.
The fundamental concepts and algorithms covered in the book are often based on those used in existing commercial or experimental database systems. Our aim is to present these concepts and algorithms in a general setting that is not tied to one particular database system.
In this adapted text of the seventh edition of Database System Concepts, we have retained essential contents of Database System Concepts, condensed or deleted some of the advanced materials. The purpose is to make this book more suitable for a first course in databases at the undergraduate level. Now we describe organization of this book in brief.
Content of This Book
The text is mainly organized in four parts.
Overview (Chapter 1). Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the nature and purpose of database systems. We explain how the concept of a database system has developed, what the common features of database systems are, what a database system does for the user, and how a database system interfaces with operating systems. We also introduce an example database application: a university organization consisting of multiple departments, instructors, students, and courses. This application is used as a running example throughout the book. This chapter is motivational, historical, and explanatory in nature.
Part 1: Relational Languages (Chapters 2 through 6). Chapter 2 introduces the relational model of data, covering basic concepts such as the structure of relational databases, database schemas, keys, schema diagrams, relational query languages, and relational operations. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 focus on the most influential of the user-oriented relational languages: SQL. Chapter 6 covers the formal relational query languages: relational algebra, tuple relational calculus, domain relational calculus, and Expressive Power of Pure Relational Query Languages.
The chapters in this part describe data manipulation: queries, updates, insertions, and deletions, assuming a schema design has been provided. Schema design issues are deferred to Part 2.
Part 2: Database Design and Application Development(Chapters 7 through 9). Chapter 7 provides an overview of the database-design process, with major emphasis on database design using the entity-relationship data model. The entity-relationship data model provides a high-level view of the issues in database design, and of the problems that we encounter in capturing the semantics of realistic applications within the constraints of a data model. UML class-diagram notation is also covered in this chapter.
Chapter 8 introduces relational database design. The theory of functional dependencies and normalization is covered, with emphasis on the motivation and intuitive understa