●STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program, 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam, 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program, 3
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam, 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them, 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam, 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam, 5
2 How to Plan Your Time, 8
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam, 8
Calendar for Each Plan, 10
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness, 13
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 15
Diagnostic Exam for AP Biology, 17
Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Biology, 19
Answers and Explanations, 26 STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program, 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam, 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program, 3
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam, 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them, 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam, 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam, 5
2 How to Plan Your Time, 8
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam, 8
Calendar for Each Plan, 10
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness, 13
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 15
Diagnostic Exam for AP Biology, 17
Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Biology, 19
Answers and Explanations, 26
Scoring and Interpretation, 29
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success, 31
4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 33
Multiple-Choice Questions, 34
Free-Response Questions, 34
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High, 37
5 Chemistry, 39
Introduction, 39
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions, 39
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins, 41
Enzymes, 45
pH: Acids and Bases, 47
Reactions, 47
Review Questions, 48
Answers and Explanations, 49
Rapid Review, 50
6 Cells, 51
Introduction, 51
Types of Cells, 52
Organelles, 52
Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model, 54
Types of Cell Transport, 55
Review Questions, 56
Answers and Explanations, 58
Rapid Review, 59
7 Respiration, 61
Introduction, 61
Aerobic Respiration, 62
Anaerobic Respiration, 68
Review Questions, 70
Answers and Explanations, 71
Rapid Review, 72
8 Photosynthesis, 73
Introduction, 73
The Players in Photosynthesis, 74
The Reactions of Photosynthesis, 75
Types of Photosynthesis, 80
Review Questions, 82
Answers and Explanations, 83
Rapid Review, 84
9 Cell Division, 86
Introduction, 86
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, 87
The Cell Cycle, 87
Mitosis, 88
Control of Cell Division, 89
Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms, 90
Meiosis, 90
Life Cycles, 93
Sources of Cell Variation, 94
Review Questions, 95
Answers and Explanations, 96
Rapid Review, 96
10 Heredity, 98
Introduction, 98
Terms Important in Studying Heredity, 99
Mendel and His Peas, 100
Intermediate Inheritance, 101
Other Forms of Inheritance, 102
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage, 104
Linkage and Gene Mapping, 105
Heads or Tails?, 106
Pedigrees, 106
Common Disorders, 108
Chromosomal Complications, 109
Review Questions, 110
Answers and Explanations, 113
Rapid Review, 115
11 Molecular Genetics, 117
Introduction, 117
DNA Structure and Function, 118
RNA Structure and Function, 119
Replication of DNA, 119
Transcription of DNA, 121
RNA Processing, 122
Translation of RNA, 123
Gene Expression, 125
The Genetics of Viruses, 126
The Genetics of Bacteria, 127
Genetic Engineering, 128
Review Questions, 130
Answers and Explanations, 132
Rapid Review, 133
12 Evolution, 136
Introduction, 137
Definition of Evolution, 137
Natural Selection, 138
Lamarck and Darwin, 139
Adaptations, 140
Types of Selection, 140
Evolution Patterns, 142
Sources of Variation, 142
Speciation, 143
When Evolution is not Occurring: Hardy？Weinberg Equilibrium, 144
The Evidence for Evolution, 145
Macroevolution, 146
How Life Probably Emerged, 147
Review Questions, 149
Answers and Explanations, 150
Rapid Review, 151
13 Taxonomy and Classification, 153
Introduction, 153
Five or Six Kingdoms?, 154
Kingdom Monera, 154
Endosymbiotic Theory, 155
Kingdom Protista, 156
Kingdom Plantae, 158
Kingdom Fungi, 160
Kingdom Animalia, 161
Review Questions, 164
Answers and Explanations, 165
Rapid Review, 165
14 Plants, 167
Introduction, 167
Anatomy of Plants, 168
Roots, 168
The Shoot System, 169
Plant Hormones, 170
Plant Tropisms, 171
Photoperiodism, 172
Go with the Flow: Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Tension Theory, and Transpiration, 172
The Changing of the Guard: Regulating Stomata Activity, 173
“Move Over, Sugar”: Carbohydrate Transport Through Phloem, 173
Review Questions, 174
Answers and Explanations, 175
Rapid Review, 175
15 Human Physiology, 177
Introduction, 177
Circulatory System, 178
Respiratory System, 179
Digestive System, 181
Control of the Internal Environment, 182
Nervous System, 185
Muscular System, 188
Endocrine System, 190
Immune System, 192
Review Questions, 195
Answers and Explanations, 196
Rapid Review, 197
16 Human Reproduction, 200
Introduction, 200
Sex Differences, 201
Anatomy, 201
Embryonic Development, 205
The Influence of Hormones, 208
Review Questions, 209
Answers and Explanations, 210
Rapid Review, 211
17 Behavioral Ecology and Ethology, 213
Introduction, 213
Types of Animal Learning, 214
Animal Movement, 215
Animal Communication, 217
Review Questions, 218
Answers and Explanations, 219
Rapid Review, 219
18 Ecology in Further Detail, 221
Introduction, 221
Population Ecology and Growth, 222
Life History Strategies, 225
Community and Succession, 226
Trophic Levels, 228
Biomes, 230
Biogeochemical Cycles, 231
Review Questions, 232
Answers and Explanations, 234
Rapid Review, 235
19 Laboratory Review, 237
Introduction, 237
Laboratory Experiment 1: Diffusion and Osmosis, 238
Laboratory Experiment 2: Enzyme Catalysis, 239
Laboratory Experiment 3: Mitosis and Meiosis, 240
Laboratory Experiment 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis, 242
Laboratory Experiment 5: Cell Respiration, 243
Laboratory Experiment 6: Molecular Biology, 244
Laboratory Experiment 7: Genetics of Organisms, 246
Laboratory Experiment 8: Population Genetics and Evolution, 247
Laboratory Experiment 9: Transpiration, 248
Laboratory Experiment 10: Physiology of the Circulatory System, 249
Laboratory Experiment 11: Animal Behavior, 250
Laboratory Experiment 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity, 251
Review Questions, 252
Answers and Explanations, 253
Rapid Review, 254
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence, 257
Practice Free-Response Test 1, 259
Practice Free-Response Test 2, 263
Practice Free-Response Test 3, 269
Practice Free-Response Test 4, 275
AP Biology Practice Exam 1, 281
AP Biology Practice Exam 2, 307
Appendixes, 333
Bibliography, 335
Web sites, 336
Glossary, 337
