了得網歷史_蕭縣漢墓(精)

Xiaoxian蕭縣County，located at the north top of Anhui Province and near the borders of Jiangsu，Shandong，Henan and Anhui Provinces，is named after the Xiao蕭State in ancient times．To coordinate with the construction of Lianyungang—Khorghas Expressway，Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted salvaging excavations to the ancient burials in the expressway route．These excavations covered 1 40，000 square meters including Zhangcun張村and Fenglou馮樓Cemeteries to the southeast of the countv seat and Wangshanwo王山窩，Poge破閣and Cheniufan車牛返Cemeteries to the southweSt of the county seat， uncovered 3 1 8 tombs belonging to the Warring—States Period，the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties，the Tang and Song Dynasties， and cleared up over 80 ancient tombs looted or disturbed earlier． This report collects the data of 1 5 1 Han tombs showing representative features among these tombs． The tombs in this report could be grouped into four types by structure：vertical pit tombs，vertical pit tombs(or catacombs) with slope passages，brick～chambered tombs and brick—stone— chambered tombs；the details of tombs in each type also varied． Among these tombs，110 were vertical pit tombs，six were vertical pit tombs(or catacombs)with slope passages．14 were brick— chambered tombs and 2 1 were brick—stone—chambered tombs．Two of these tombs (XPM61 and XPM88)had mounds with clear heights and scopes，and XPM88 had remains of graveyard wails built with stone blocks． All of the tombs were filled with mottled earth；because of the various soil COnditions，the textures and tints of the fills varied slightly．Only the filling of one tomb(XPMl00)had clear traces of tamping；most of the passages were not completely uncovered because of environmental or other difficulties．The entrances of the brick—chambered tombs were usuallv sealed with rectangular bricks and some had pebbles piled on the inner and outer sides．The door leaves of the brick—stone-chambered tombs were made of stone；the wooden door leaves or adobe—sealed entrances were all decayed or silted for which the details conld not be identified． The burial furniture was made of wood and stone；wooden coffins or other burial furniture were mostly decayed，the shape of which could only be recover with the reference of the coffin board ashes and the details could not be observed．The stone coffins were a11 made of Drocessed stone boards，and composed of lid，left and right side boards，head and end boards and bottom board. The coarse stone coffins were just simply made by piecing stone boards together; the finer ones were fitted together by tenon and mortises. Most of the skeletons were poorly preserved and the identified ones were all in extended supine burial. Of the burial articles, the weapons and dress ornaments were generally put inside the coffins and the ritual implements and daily-using utensils were mostly set outside the coffins, from which we can observe the procedure of the encoffining and interment. The lining-up and facings of the tombs were arranged along with the landscape; however,all of them were in high positions backing to an upward slope. The artifacts unearthed from these tombs were made of pottery (some glazed), bronze,iron, jade, stone, bone, lead and tin, glass and wood (some lacquered, but decayed too badly to gather). Pottery wares, more than 850 pieces in number, took the largest proportion most of them were fine clay wares and a few were sandy pottery. The decorative patterns were mainly cord patterns, incised patterns and bowstring patterns, some of which had painted designs.Generally, the pottery wares were made by wheel-making, model-making and hand-making methods among which wheel-made was the most popular, but a piece of pottery ware was usually made by more than one method. The pottery wares could be classified into ritual vessels, daily-using utensils, burial furnishings and imitations of lacquer vessels. The ritual vessels were mainly Ding-tripods,cases, jars, Fang-rectangular jars,Pan-washing vessels and Yi-washing ewers and jugs.Utensils are mainly jugs,basins, cases, Fu-cauldrons, lamps, spoons and ladles; burial furnishings were mainly models of stoves, granaries, wells, millstones, animal pens, lavatories and watchtowers; imitations of lacquers were mainly plates, trays, ear cups and Lian-cosmetic cases; glazed pottery wares were baked with high-temperature and low-temperature methods and the main types were jars and iugs. The bronze artifacts were mirrors, coins, clasps, seals, thimbles, rings, brushes, spoons,knifes, swords, crossbow triggers and horse and chariot ornaments and fittings. Totally 65 pieces of iron artifacts were unearthed, which were mirrors, nails,Fucauldrons, shovels, frying-pans, Pie-open cauldrons, swords, spearheads and Gouxiang(hooked parrier). 11 jades were unearthed from these tombs; they were mouth pieces, ear plugs, swordfittings, hand pieces and Bi-discs. Artifacts made of bone were mainly bead strings and mouth pieces. 33 stone artifacts were unearthed, which were ink-stones, pestles, mortars, mouth pieces,and mattress weights; in addition, a pair of glass ear pendants were unearthed from these tombs. No chronological inscriptions were found in these excavations; the only textual inscriptions were found from bronze mirrors, coins and seals. By comparing, contrasting and lining up, we divided the tombs yielding clear pottery assemblages among the 151 excavated ones into eight groups by burial types, pottery assemblages, bronze mirror styles and bronze coin issuing dates, and referred to the similar tomb types in other regions, dated them as the following. The Early Stage of the Western Han Dynasty (the reigns of Emperors Wen, Jing ), which included ten tombs; the first and second phases of the Middle Stage of the Western Han Dynasty (the first phase coincided to the reigns of Emperors Jing and Wu, the second phase coincided to the reigns of Emperors Zhao and Xuan), which included 47 tombs; the first and second phases of the Later Stage of the Western Han Dynasty (the first phase coincided to the reigns of Emperors Cheng, Ai and Ping, the second phase coincided to the "Xin" Dynasty founded by Wang Mang), which included 60 tombs; the Early Stage of the Eastern Han Dynasty (around the reigns of the Emperors Guangwu through Zhang), which included 10 tombs and the Middle Stage of the Eastern Han Dynasty (around the reigns of Emperors He through An), which included 20 tombs. This report consists of three parts. Part One describes the geographical location, historic changes and the outlined introduction of the cemetery location, and the procedure of the excavations. Part Two records the data of the selected 151 tombs in detail and Part Three is the compilers and editors" preliminary studies and explorations to some relevant issues based on the materials in Part Two.

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