●1Introduction
1.1Basic consideration
1.1.1Fluid
1.1.2Categories of fluid mechanics
1.1.3A brief history of fluid mechanics
1.1.4Research approaches of fluid mechanics
1.2The no-slip condition
1.3Continuum hypothesis
1.3.1Molecular behavior of materials
1.3.2Macroscopic characteristics of fluids
1.3.3The continuum concept
1.4Categories of flow
1.4.1Inviscid or actual flow
1.4.2Laminar or turbulent flow
1.4.3Steady or unsteady flow
1.4.4Uniform or non-uniform flow
1.4.5Compressible or incompressible fluid flow
1.4.6Newtonian or non-newtonian flows
1.4.7One-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional flows
1.5Units and dimensions
1.5.1Units
1.5.2Dimensions
1.5.3Dimensional analysis
1.6Deion of forces acting on the differential element
1.6.1Body force
1.6.2Surface force
Exercise
2Properties of Fluids
2.1Density and specific weight
2.1.1Density
2.1.2Specific gravity
2.1.3Specific weight
2.2Viscosity
2.2.1Newton′s equation of viscosity
2.2.2Coefficient of viscosity
2.2.3Viscosity variation with temperature
2.3Compressibility and expansibility
2.3.1Compression and expansion of liquids
2.3.2Compression and expansion of gases
2.3.3Speed of sound
2.4Surface tension
2.4.1Surface tension
2.4.2Capillary effect
Exercise
3Fluid Statics
3.1Pressure
3.1.1Pressure
3.1.2Units of pressure
3.1.3Pressure at a point
3.2Euler′s equation
3.2.1Body forces
3.2.2Surface forces
3.2.3Equilibrium of a fluid element
3.3Pressure variation
3.3.1Fluid at rest
3.3.2Variation of pressure with depth
3.3.3Isobaric surface
3.4Pressure measurements
3.4.1Different scales for pressure
3.4.2Barometer
3.4.3Piezometer
3.4.4Manometer
3.4.5Differential manometer
3.4.6Mechanical pressure gage
3.4.7Electrical pressure transducer
3.5Static forces on a plane surfaces
3.5.1Direction of the force
3.5.2Magnitude of the force
3.5.3Center of pressure
Exercise
4Fluid Kinematics
4.1Deion of fluid motion
4.1.1Lagrangian deion
4.1.2Eulerian deion
4.1.3Acceleration field
4.2Flow patterns
4.2.1Pathlines
4.2.2Streamlines
4.2.3Streaklines
4.3Flow rate and velocity
4.3.1Flow rate
4.3.2Mean velocity
4.4Continuity equation
4.4.1Continuity equation for three-dimensional flow
4.4.2Continuity equation for a streamtube
4.4.3Continuity equation for flow in a pipe
Exercise
5Fluid Dynamics
5.1Equation for inviscid flow
5.1.1Equation of motion for inviscid flow
5.1.2The bernoulli equation along a streamline
5.2Equation for actual flow
5.2.1Navier-Stokes equations
5.2.2The energy equation for actual flow
5.2.3Grade line
5.3Application of energy equation
5.3.1Restrictions on using of the bernoulli equation
5.3.2Application
5.4Momentum equation
5.4.1The linear momentum equation
5.4.2Application of momentum equation
Exercise
6Head Loss of Viscous Flow
6.1Fluid flow and flow resistance
6.1.1Main factors affecting flow resistance on cross-section
6.1.2Two types of fluid flow and flow resistance
6.2Two regims of viscous flow
6.2.1Reynolds experiment
6.2.2Relationship between flow regime and head loss
6.2.3Criterion for flow regime
6.3Laminar flow in circular pipes
6.3.1Two methods for laminar flow analysis
6.3.2Velocity profile of laminar flow in circular pipes
6.3.3Shear stress distribution of laminar flow in circular pipes
6.3.4Flow volume and average velocity of laminar flow in circular pipes
6.3.5Friction loss of laminar flow in circular pipes
6.3.6The entrance region of laminar flow
6.4Turbulent flow in circular pipes
6.4.1Characteristics of turbulence
6.4.2Parameters deion of turbulent flow
6.4.3Mixing length theory
6.4.4Velocity distribution in turbulent flow in pipes
6.4.5Turbulent core and laminar sublayer
6.4.6Hydraulic smooth pipe and hydraulic rough pipe
6.4.7Head loss of turbulent flow in pipe
6.5Determination of friction factor in circular pipe
6.5.1Nikuradse experiment
6.5.2Moody chart
6.6Calculation of friction loss in noncircular pipes
6.6.1Using Darcy-Weisbach equation
6.6.2Using Chezy equation
6.7Theoretical foundation of boundary layer
6.7.1Basic concept of boundary layer
6.7.2Boundary layer separation
6.8Minor loss in the pipeline
6.8.1Minor loss of sudden expansion
6.8.2Other types of minor loss calculation
6.8.3Aggregation of head loss
Exercise
References
Answers
