“當代國外語言學與應用語言學文庫”（升級版）是主要面向高校英語專業高年級本科生、研究生及英語教師的一
套大型、開放的繫列叢書。本升級版或保留原有經典圖書品種，或繼之以經典圖書的新版，或引進國外語言學與應
用語言學領域的新銳力作以進一步拓展學科領域，希望它能繼續對我國語言學教學與研究和外語教學與研究起到積
極的推動作用。

《成人二語習得中的僵化現像》是“當代國外語言學與應用語言學文庫”（升級版）中的一本，本書以成人的二語
習得為研究背景等

●Preface
1 Introduction
Fossilization and Ultimate Attainment
General failure
Differential success/failure
A Conceptual Framework
An Outline of the Book
2 What Is Fossilization?
Selinker's Definitions
Others' View
Dictionary Definitions
An Alternative Definition
Key Issues
Is fossilization global or local?
Is fossilization a product or a process?
Summary
3 Behavioral Reflexes and Causal Variables
An Overview
Sample Explanations
Absence of corrective feedback
Quality of input
Lack of access to universal grammar
Failure of parameter resetting
Learning inhibiting learning
Automatization of faulty knowledge
Lack of understanding
Processing constraints
Lack of sensitivity to input
Change in emotional state
Natural inclination to focus on content,not on form
Avoidance
Satisfaction of communicative needs
Lack of acculturation
Will to maintain identity
Two Primary Determinants of Lack of Ability
Summary
4 A Macroscopic Analysis:Critical Period Effects
The Critical Period Hypothesis
CPH in FLA and SLA
The Modular Nature of CP
Critical Period Effects on Language Learning
Summary
5 A Macroscopic Analysis:Native Language Transfer
Transfer-inspired Delay in L2 Learning
'Transfer to Somewhere' and 'Transfer to Nowhere'
Transfer of 'Thinking for Speaking'
Preprogramming
The Schwartz and Sprouse (1996) study
The Sorace (1993) study
Summary
6 A Microscopic Analysis:Some Empirical Evidence
Some Empirical Studies
The longitudinal approach
The typical-error approach
The advanced-learner approach
The corrective-feedback approach
The length-of-residence approach
Critique of the Methodologies
Two recent longitudinal studies
Is stabilization synonymous with fossilization?
Should a longitudinal study last five years or longer?
The Modular Nature of Fossilization
Linguistic Features Prone to Fossilization
The ltiple Effects Principle
Summary
7 Second Language Instruction and Fossilization
To What Extent Does Instruction Aid Acquisition?
Explicit or implicit instruction?
Is grammar instruction necessary?
The zone of capability
To What Extent Does Instruction Promote Fossilization?
Classroom input
Pedagogic strategies
Opportunity for use of languageSummary
8 Summary and Conclusion
A Synopsis
Implications for Research and Practice
General Directions for Future Research
References
Index

作者審視了過去幾十年來僵化研究的歷史，論述了僵化研究的基本理論問題，搜集和評價了大量的實證研究成果，提出了實證研究的恰當方法，認為應該從宏觀和微觀兩個方面來研究僵化，並提出“僵化是多種因素協同作用的結果”。此外，書中指出要對僵化及一些有關概念有正確的理解；對僵化的研究也應該是跨學科的，以便綜合利用語言學、心理語言學、神經語言學和社會語言學的理論和成果。這本書是研究人員、教師、學生考察僵化現像的一本好參考書。