了得網自然科學_Turning Points The Nature of Creativity

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陳超美編著的《轉折點——創造性的本質》(英文版)是新一代信息科學與技術叢書之一。通過本書，我們可以解開如下疑問：創造性思維的背後有沒有可以反復借鋻的思維方式？哪些是我們觀察、思考、分析和決策中經常出現而又*容易被忽視的問題？如何纔能繫統性地提高我們自身的創造能力？

內容簡介

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創造性思維的背後有沒有可以反復借鋻的思維方式？哪些是我們觀察、思考、分析和決策中經常出現而又容易被忽視的問題？如何纔能繫統性地提高我們自身的創造能力？本書《轉折點——創造性的本質》(英文版)介紹了一繫列具有代表性的觀點、理論和實例以及在此基礎上形成的一個知識發展的新理論，從理論和實踐兩個方面闡述了如何通過信息可視化、可視分析等方法直觀地展現科學發展的宏觀結構、趨勢、變換及傳播；此外還介紹了更為廣泛的分析推理以及決策中常常遇到的幾類問題和相關對策。

《轉折點——創造性的本質》(英文版)由陳超美編著。

作者簡介

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陳超美，美國德雷克賽爾大學信息科學與技術學院副教授，Information
Visualization期刊主編，大連理工大學長江學者講座教授。主要研究領域包括信息可視化、科學前沿發展模式及科學發現理論、網絡分析和信息計量學等。主要著作有lnformation
Visualization：Beyond the Horizon和Mapping Scientific Frontjers：The
Ouest for Knowledge Visualization，開發並推廣了文獻可視化分析軟件CiteSpace。

Chapter 1 The Gathering Storm 1.1 The Gathering Storm 1.2 Into the Eye of the Storm 1.3 The Yuasa Phenomenon 1.4 Transformative Research and the Nature of Creativity 1.5 Science and Society 1.6 Summary ReferencesChapter 2 Creative Thinking 2.1 Beyond Serendipity 2.2 The Study of Creative Work 2.3 Divergent Thinking 2.4 Blind Variation and Selective Retention 2.5 Binding Free-Floating Elements of Knowledge 2.6 Janusian Thinking 2.7 TRIZ 2.8 Summary ReferencesChapter 3 Cognitive Biases and Pitfalls 3.1 Finding Needles in a Haystack 3.1.1 Compounds in Chemical Space 3.1.2 Change Blindness 3.1.3 Missing the Obvious 3.2 Mental Models and Biases 3.2.1 Connecting the Right Dots 3.2.2 Rejecting Nobel Prize Worthy Works 3.3 Challenges to be Creative 3.3.1 Reasoning by Analogy 3.3.2 Competing Hypotheses 3.4 Boundary Objects 3.5 Early Warning Signs 3.6 Summary ReferencesChapter 4 Recognizing the Potential of Research 4.1 Hindsight 4.1.1 Hibernating Bears 4.1.2 Risks and Payoffs 4.1.3 Project Hindsight 4.1.4 TRACES 4.2 Foresight 4.2.1 Looking Ahead 4.2.2 Identifying Priorities 4.2.3 The Delphi Method 4.2.4 Hindsight on Foresight 4.3 Summary ReferencesChapter 5 Foraging 5.1 An Information-Theoretic View of Visual Analytics 5.1.1 Information Foraging and Sensemaking 5.1.2 Evidence and Beliefs 5.1.3 Salience and Novelty 5.1.4 Structural Holes and Brokerage 5.1.5 Macroscopic Views of Information Contents 5.2 Turning Points 5.2.1 The Index of the Interesting 5.2.2 Proteus Phenomenon 5.2.3 The Concept of Scientific Change 5.2.4 Specialties and Scientific Change 5.2.5 Knowledge Diffusion 5.2.6 Predictors of Future Citations 5.3 Generic Mechanisms for Scientific Discovery 5.3.1 Scientific Discovery as Problem Solving 5.3.2 Literature-Based Discovery 5.3.3 Spanning Diverse Perspectives 5.3.4 Bridging Intellectual Structural Holes 5.4 An Explanatory and Computational Theory of Discovery 5.4.1 Basic Elements of the Theory 5.4.2 Structural and Temporal Properties 5.4.3 Integration 5.4.4 Case Studies 5.5 Summary ReferencesChapter 6 Knowledge Domain Analysis 6.1 Progressive Knowledge Domain Visualization 6.1.1 Scientific Revolutions 6.1.2 Tasks 6.1.3 CiteSpace 6.2 A Multiple-Perspective Co-Citation Analysis 6.2.1 Extending the Traditional Procedure 6.2.2 Metrics 6.2.3 Clustering 6.2.4 Automatic Cluster Labeling 6.2.5 Visual Design 6.3 A Domain Analysis of Information Science 6.3.1 A Comparative ACA (2001-2005) 6.3.2 A Progressive ACA (1996-2008) 6.3.3 A Progressive DCA (1996-2008) 6.4 Summary ReferencesChapter 7 Messages in Text 7.1 Differentiating Conflicting Opinions 7.1.1 The Da Vinci Code 7.1.2 Terminology Variation 7.1.3 Reviews of The Da Vinci Code 7.1.4 Major Themes 7.1.5 Predictive Text Analysis 7.2 Analyzing Unstructured Text 7.2.1 Text Analysis 7.2.2 Searching for Missing Links 7.2.3 Concept Trees and Predicate Trees 7.3 Detecting Abrupt Changes 7.3.1 A Burst of Citations 7.3.2 Survival Analysis of Bursts 7.3.3 Differentiating Awarded and Declined Proposals 7.4 Summary ReferencesChapter 8 Transformative Potential 8.1 Transformative Research 8.2 Detecting the Transformative Potential 8.2.1 Connections between References and Citations 8.2.2 Measuring Novelty by Structural Variation 8.2.3 Statistical Validation 8.2.4 Case Study: Pulsars 8.3 Portfolio Evaluation 8.3.1 Identifying the Core Information of a Proposal 8.3.2 Information Extraction 8.3.3 Detecting Hot Topics 8.3.4 Identifying Potentially Transformative Proposals 8.4 Summary ReferencesChapter 9 The Way Ahead 9.1 The Gathering Storm 9.2 Creative Thinking 9.3 Biases and Pitfalls 9.4 Foraging 9.5 Knowledge Domain Analysis 9.6 Text Analysis 9.7 Transformative Potential 9.8 RecommendationsIndex


Chapter 1  The Gathering Storm
    1.1  The Gathering Storm
    1.2  Into the Eye of the Storm
    1.3  The Yuasa Phenomenon
    1.4  Transformative Research and the Nature of Creativity
    1.5  Science and Society
    1.6  Summary
    References
Chapter 2  Creative Thinking
    2.1  Beyond Serendipity
    2.2  The Study of Creative Work
    2.3  Divergent Thinking
    2.4  Blind Variation and Selective Retention
    2.5  Binding Free-Floating Elements of Knowledge
    2.6  Janusian Thinking
    2.7  TRIZ
    2.8  Summary
    References
Chapter 3  Cognitive Biases and Pitfalls
    3.1  Finding Needles in a Haystack
           3.1.1  Compounds in Chemical Space
           3.1.2  Change Blindness
           3.1.3  Missing the Obvious
    3.2  Mental Models and Biases
           3.2.1  Connecting the Right Dots
           3.2.2  Rejecting Nobel Prize Worthy Works
    3.3  Challenges to be Creative
          3.3.1  Reasoning by Analogy
          3.3.2  Competing Hypotheses
    3.4  Boundary Objects
    3.5  Early Warning Signs
    3.6  Summary
    References
Chapter 4  Recognizing the Potential of Research
    4.1  Hindsight
          4.1.1  Hibernating Bears
          4.1.2  Risks and Payoffs
          4.1.3  Project Hindsight
          4.1.4  TRACES
    4.2  Foresight
          4.2.1  Looking Ahead
          4.2.2  Identifying Priorities
          4.2.3  The Delphi Method
          4.2.4  Hindsight on Foresight
    4.3  Summary
    References
Chapter 5  Foraging
    5.1  An Information-Theoretic View of Visual Analytics
           5.1.1  Information Foraging and Sensemaking
           5.1.2  Evidence and Beliefs
           5.1.3  Salience and Novelty
           5.1.4  Structural Holes and Brokerage
           5.1.5  Macroscopic Views of Information Contents
     5.2  Turning Points
           5.2.1  The Index of the Interesting
           5.2.2  Proteus Phenomenon
           5.2.3  The Concept of Scientific Change
           5.2.4  Specialties and Scientific Change
           5.2.5  Knowledge Diffusion
           5.2.6  Predictors of Future Citations
     5.3  Generic Mechanisms for Scientific Discovery
           5.3.1  Scientific Discovery as Problem Solving
           5.3.2  Literature-Based Discovery
           5.3.3  Spanning Diverse Perspectives
           5.3.4  Bridging Intellectual Structural Holes
    5.4  An Explanatory and Computational Theory of Discovery
          5.4.1  Basic Elements of the Theory
          5.4.2  Structural and Temporal Properties
          5.4.3  Integration
          5.4.4  Case Studies
    5.5  Summary
    References
Chapter 6  Knowledge Domain Analysis
    6.1  Progressive Knowledge Domain Visualization
          6.1.1  Scientific Revolutions
          6.1.2  Tasks
          6.1.3  CiteSpace
    6.2  A Multiple-Perspective Co-Citation Analysis
          6.2.1  Extending the Traditional Procedure
          6.2.2  Metrics
          6.2.3  Clustering
          6.2.4  Automatic Cluster Labeling
          6.2.5  Visual Design
    6.3  A Domain Analysis of Information Science
          6.3.1  A Comparative ACA (2001-2005)
          6.3.2  A Progressive ACA (1996-2008)
          6.3.3  A Progressive DCA (1996-2008)
    6.4  Summary
    References
Chapter 7  Messages in Text
    7.1  Differentiating Conflicting Opinions
          7.1.1  The Da Vinci Code
          7.1.2  Terminology Variation
          7.1.3  Reviews of The Da Vinci Code
          7.1.4  Major Themes
          7.1.5  Predictive Text Analysis
    7.2  Analyzing Unstructured Text
          7.2.1  Text Analysis
          7.2.2  Searching for Missing Links
          7.2.3  Concept Trees and Predicate Trees
    7.3  Detecting Abrupt Changes
          7.3.1  A Burst of Citations
          7.3.2  Survival Analysis of Bursts
          7.3.3  Differentiating Awarded and Declined Proposals
    7.4  Summary
    References
Chapter 8  Transformative Potential
    8.1  Transformative Research
    8.2  Detecting the Transformative Potential
          8.2.1  Connections between References and Citations
          8.2.2  Measuring Novelty by Structural Variation
          8.2.3  Statistical Validation
          8.2.4  Case Study: Pulsars
    8.3  Portfolio Evaluation
          8.3.1  Identifying the Core Information of a Proposal
          8.3.2  Information Extraction
          8.3.3  Detecting Hot Topics
          8.3.4  Identifying Potentially Transformative Proposals
    8.4  Summary
    References
Chapter 9  The Way Ahead
    9.1  The Gathering Storm
    9.2  Creative Thinking
    9.3  Biases and Pitfalls
    9.4  Foraging
    9.5  Knowledge Domain Analysis
    9.6  Text Analysis
    9.7  Transformative Potential
    9.8  Recommendations
Index

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