了得網自然科學_Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives（表面活性劑

內容簡介

表面活性劑湍流減阻是流體動力學領域多年來的研究熱點，這一現像同時與湍流、流變學、流體動力學等多個方面密切相關，而且對其進行應用推廣需要化工、機械、市政等不同領域知識的有機結合。《表面活性劑湍流減阻（英文版）》正是在這一背景下，基於表面活性劑湍流減阻流動研究領域*的實驗、數值模擬和理論分析方面的研究成果，詳細闡述有關表面活性劑湍流減阻流動的湍流特性、流變學物性、理論、特殊技術以及實際應用方面的問題。

《表面活性劑湍流減阻（英文版）》可供流體力學、工程熱物理、化學工程、空調、制冷等相關專業研究生以及相關研究領域的科研人員參考使用。

Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Surfactant Solution
1.2.1 Anionic Surfactant
1.2.2 Cationic Surfactant
1.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant
1.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant
1.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant
1.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by SurfactantAdditives
1.3.1 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpointof Microstructures
1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpointof the Physics of Turbulence
1.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by SurfactantAdditives
1.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducingFlow

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Surfactant Solution

1.2.1 Anionic Surfactant

1.2.2 Cationic Surfactant

1.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant

1.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant

1.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant

1.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant
Additives

1.3.1 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint
of Microstructures

1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint
of the Physics of Turbulence

1.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Surfactant
Additives

1.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing
Flow

1.4.2 Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow

1.4.3 Toxic Effect of Cationic Surfactant Solution

1.4.4 Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution

1.4.5 Corrosion of Surfactant Solution

References

2 Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer Reduction Characteristics of
Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow

2.1 Fundamental Concepts of Turbulent Drag Reduction

2.2 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives and
Its Influencing Factors

2.2.1 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant
Additives

2.2.2 Influencing Factors of Drag Reduction by Surfactant
Additives

2.3 The Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow and
Scale-up Methods

2.3.1 The Diameter Effect and Its Influence

2.3.2 Scale-up Methods

2.3.3 Evaluation of Different Scale-up Methods

2.4 Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant
Solution Flow and Its Enhancement Methods

2.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing
Surfactant Solution Flow

2.4.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Drag-reducing
Surfactant Solution Flows

References

3 Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution
Flow

3.1 Measurement Techniques for Turbulence Structures in
Drag-Reducing Flow

3.1.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry

3.1.2 PIV

3.2 Statistical Characteristics of Velocity and Temperature Fields
in Drag-reducing Flow

3.2.1 Distribution of Averaged Quantities

3.2.2 Distribution of Fluctuation Intensities

3.2.3 Correlation Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities

3.2.4 Spectrum Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities

3.3 Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex Structures in Drag-reducing
Flow

3.3.1 Identification Method of Turbulent Vortex by Swirling
Strength

3.3.2 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-y
Plane

3.3.3 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the y-z
Plane

3.3.4 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-z
Plane

3.4 Reynolds Shear Stress and Wall-Normal Turbulent Heat Flux
References

4 Numerical Simulation of Surfactant Drag Reduction

4.1 Direct Numerical Simulation of Drag-reducing Flow

4.1.1 A Mathematical Model of Drag-reducing Flow

4.1.2 The DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow

4.2 RANS of Drag-reducing Flow

4.3 Governing Equation and DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow

4.3.1 Governing Equation

4.3.2 Numerical Method

4.4 DNS Results and Discussion for Drag-reducing Flow and Heat
Transfer

4.4.1 The Overall Study on Surfactant Drag Reduction and Heat
Transfer by DNS

4.4.2 The Rheological Parameter Effect of DNS on Surfactant Drag
Reduction

4.4.3 DNS with the Bilayer Model of Flows with Newtonian and
Non-Newtonian Fluid Coexistence

4.5 Conclusion and Future Work

References

5 Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Surfactant
Solution

6 Application Techniques for Drag Reduction by Surfactant
Additives

Index

在線試讀

At the static state，worm-like micellar structures can beformed in most of thesurfactant drag reducer solutions.Exerted withshear stress，the worm-like micellarstructures are apt to align withthe flow direction，resulting in the occurrence ofturbulentdrag-reducing effect and a larger critical shear stress or criticalReynoldsnumber（the turbulent DR rate increases with the increase ofthe flow Reynolds numberat first and reaches the maximum level atthe critical Reynolds number; after that，theDR rate decreases withthe further increase of the fiow Reynolds number until itreacheszero）.Surfactant drag reducer solutions with inner worm-likemicellarstructures usually display obvious theologicalproperties，such as relatively largezero-shear viscosity，shearthinning properties（the shear viscosity decreases with theincreaseof shear rate），large viscoelasticity，a rapid rebounding phenomenonafter thecease of rotation driving，a large ratio of extensionalviscosity to shear viscosity（normally larger than 100），and soon.
In some turbulent drag-reducing fluid systems，worm-like micellarstructures withbranches，that is，worm-like structures with threebranches joined together，can beformed.When the energy necessary forforming the semispherical head of a micellarstructure becomes highenough to form a saddle-shaped branch joint，the branchstructure canthus be generated.Comparing this with the former case，the numberofends of the worm-like micellar microstructures in the solutiondecreases.It has beenobserved from experiments that the joints ofbranches can freely move along the axialdirection of the worm-likemicellar structure.Hence，when exerted by shear，the shearstress canbe immediately released，and so the shear viscosity ofsolutiondecreases [281.The turbulent drag-reducing effect is alsoobvious for the surfactantsolution fiow with branchedmicrostructures.But its maximum DR rate is smallercompared withthat of nonbranched microstructures，while its criticalReynoldsnumber is larger.Moreover，the complicated behavior of thefree movement of thebranch joints along the axial direction ofmicellar structures also induces much morecomplex theologicalproperties for such surfactant solutions.

At the static state，worm-like micellar structures can be
formed in most of thesurfactant drag reducer solutions.Exerted with
shear stress，the worm-like micellarstructures are apt to align with
the flow direction，resulting in the occurrence ofturbulent
drag-reducing effect and a larger critical shear stress or critical
Reynoldsnumber（the turbulent DR rate increases with the increase of
the flow Reynolds numberat first and reaches the maximum level at
the critical Reynolds number; after that，theDR rate decreases with
the further increase of the fiow Reynolds number until itreaches
zero）.Surfactant drag reducer solutions with inner worm-like
micellarstructures usually display obvious theological
properties，such as relatively largezero-shear viscosity，shear
thinning properties（the shear viscosity decreases with theincrease
of shear rate），large viscoelasticity，a rapid rebounding phenomenon
after thecease of rotation driving，a large ratio of extensional
viscosity to shear viscosity（normally larger than 100），and so
on.

In some turbulent drag-reducing fluid systems，worm-like micellar
structures withbranches，that is，worm-like structures with three
branches joined together，can beformed.When the energy necessary for
forming the semispherical head of a micellarstructure becomes high
enough to form a saddle-shaped branch joint，the branchstructure can
thus be generated.Comparing this with the former case，the number
ofends of the worm-like micellar microstructures in the solution
decreases.It has beenobserved from experiments that the joints of
branches can freely move along the axialdirection of the worm-like
micellar structure.Hence，when exerted by shear，the shearstress can
be immediately released，and so the shear viscosity of
solutiondecreases [281.The turbulent drag-reducing effect is also
obvious for the surfactantsolution fiow with branched
microstructures.But its maximum DR rate is smallercompared with
that of nonbranched microstructures，while its critical
Reynoldsnumber is larger.Moreover，the complicated behavior of the
free movement of thebranch joints along the axial direction of
micellar structures also induces much morecomplex theological
properties for such surfactant solutions.

There are also some kinds of surfactant solutions in which
vesicular or crystalstructures can be formed at the static state.In
turbulent fiows，when the exerted shearrate exceeds the critical
value，these structures can change to worm-like micellarstructures
and make the surfactant solution fiow display the turbulent DR
phenom-enon.This transition process of surfactant solution，from a
state without drag-reducingeffect to one with drag-reducing
effect，is analogous to the inception process of DR in aturbulent
flow of surfactant solution.The difference is that the inception of
DR cannotbe observed when the critical shear rate for the change of
microstructures in surfactantsolution is smaller than the critical
wall shear for the laminar-to-turbulent transition.For the normal
theology measurements，if the applied shear rate by theometer
isusually not large enough to reach the critical shear rate for the
change of micro-structures in surfactant solution，the measured
solution may display Newtonian fluidproperties，that is，a relatively
small shear viscosity，no generation of SIS，the firstnormal stress
difference is O，a relatively small ratio of extensional viscosity
to shearviscosity，and so on.

1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the
Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence

Several typical theories for turbulent DR published up to the
present are summarizedbelow.

1.3.2.1 Pseudo-plasticity

Early on，Toms proposed that polymer solutions have
pseudo-plasticity.The largerthe shear rate is，the smaller the
apparent viscosity of a polymer solution becomes.Hence，when a
solution flows in a pipe，its apparent viscosity decreases with
proximityto the wall due to the local large shear rate，and so the
fiow resistance is decreased.From then on，through a large amount of
experimental and theoretical studies，it hasbeen shown that the
mechanisms of turbulent DR by polymer additives are much
morecomplicated，and this theory is currently denied.

……

商品搜索

商品分类

【醫學】

【各大出版社】