了得網自然科學_全球生態學（導讀版）

編輯推薦

全球環境,環境生態學,英文

內容簡介

根據《生態學百科《全球生態學（導讀版）》》編寫的《全球生態學》以全球變化與不同層次生命繫統的相互關繫為軸心，論述了全球生態學的主要研究方法、內容和進展。

目錄
作者
前言
**部分：全球生態學，生物圈及其演化
引言 3
生物圈的非生物及生物多樣性 4
人類圈及人類對生物圈的影響 7
宇宙生物學 13
生物地理群落，生物圈內生物地球化學結構的基本單位 16
生物圈，Vernadsky的概念 23
毀林 27
核戰爭對環境與生物圈的影響 34
海洋的進化 4l
“捕食者-被捕食者”繫統的進化 54目錄

作者

前言

**部分：全球生態學，生物圈及其演化

引言 3

生物圈的非生物及生物多樣性 4

人類圈及人類對生物圈的影響 7

宇宙生物學 13

生物地理群落，生物圈內生物地球化學結構的基本單位 16

生物圈，Vernadsky的概念 23

毀林 27

核戰爭對環境與生物圈的影響 34

海洋的進化 4l

“捕食者-被捕食者”繫統的進化 54

生物圈中真菌及其功能 60

“蓋亞(Gaia)”假說 69

水圈 73

人類知識圈 80

土壤圈 83

生命現像：概況 88

生活史及結構 l90

第二部分：全球循環，平衡及流動

鈣循環 ll7

碳循環 l23

能量平衡 l34

生物圈的能流 l47

生物圈的熵及熵流 l54

生物圈的信息及信息流 l62

鐵循環 l65

生物圈的物質及物質流 l70

微生物循環 l83

氮循環 l90

氧循環 l97

磷循環 204

輻射平衡與太陽輻射光譜 214

放射性核素：其生物化學循環反對生物圈的影響 218

硫循環 227

水循環 234

有機污染物(xenobiotics)循環 239

第三部分：全球格局與過程

農業 25l

物質與金屬生態學 260

大氣圈內的甲烷 274

全球尺度監測、觀察和遙感 277

洋流及其在生物圈的功能 298

降水格局 304

溫度格局 3ll

作為全球過程的城市化 316

風化過程 322

第四部分：氣候變化

氣候變化1：短期動態 33l

氣候變化2：長期動態 335

氣候變化3：歷史與現實狀態 34l

生物圈與氣候的共同進化 346

全球變化對氣候的影響 356

第五部分：生態化學計量學

生態化學計量學：概論 365

生態繫統格局與過程 380

進化與生化上的生態化學計量學 390

個體生理生態學 399

種群與群落相互作用 408

索引 429

（牟溥譯）

CONTENTS

Contents v

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

PART A: GLOBAL ECOLOGY，THE BIOSPHERE AND ITS EVOLUTION

INTRODUCTION S E Jorgensen 3

ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Geogievich 4

ANTHROPOSPHERIC AND ANTROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE BIOSPHERE S Pegov 7

ASTROBIOLOGY C P McKay 13

BIOGEOCOENOSIS AS AN ELEMENTARY UNIT OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL WORK IN THE BIOSPHERE J Puzachenko 16

BIOSPHERE. VERNADSKY’S CONCEPT Y M Svirezhev and A Svirejva-Hopkins 23

DEFORESTRATION A Shvidenko 27

ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSPHERIC IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR WAR P Carl，Y Svirezhev and G Stenchikov 34

EVOLUTION OF OCEANS R Klige 41

EVOLUTION OF ‘PREY–PREDATOR’ S YSTEMS H Matsuda 54

FUNGI AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE G M Gadd 60

GAIA HYPOTHESIS P J Boston 69

HYDROSPHERE Z W Kundzewicz 73

NOOSPHERE C Jager 80

PEDOSPHERE V O Targulian and R W Arnold 83

PHENOMENON OF LIFE: GENERAL ASPECTS S V Chernyshenko 88

STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF LIFE S V Chernyshenko 100

PART B: GLOBAL CYCLES，BALANCES AND FLOWS

CALCIUM CYCLE C L De La Rocha，C J Hoff and J G Bryce 117

CARBON CYCLE V N Bashkin and I V Priputina 123

ENERGY BALANCE A Kleidon 134

ENERGY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 147

ENTROPY AND ENTROPY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 154

INFORMATION AND INFORMATION FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Georgievich 162

IRON CYCLE K A Hunter and R Strzepek 165

MATTER AND MATTER FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE S V Chernyshenko 170

MICROBIAL CYCLES G A Zavarzin 183

NITROGEN CYCLE P E Widdison and T P Burt 190

OXYGEN CYCLE D J Wuebbles 197

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Y Liu and J Chen 204

RADIATION BALANCE AND SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM I N Sokolik 214

RADIONUCLIDES: THEIR BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND THE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE H N Lee 218

SULPHUR CYCLE P A Loka Bharathi 227

WATER CYCLE Z W Kundzewicz 234

XENOBIOTICS CYCLES V N Bashkin 239

PART C: GLOBAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

AGRICULTURE D Lyuri 251

MATERIAL AND METAL ECOLOGY M A Reuter and A van Schaik 260

METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE S A Pegov 274

MONITORING，OBSERVATIONS，AND REMOTE SENSING-GLOBAL DIMENSIONS S Unninayar and L Olsen 277

OCEAN CURRENTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE A Ganopolski 298

PRECIPITATION PATTERN F W Gerstengarbe and P C Werner 304

TEMPERATURE PATTERNS I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 311

URBANIZATION AS A GLOBAL PROCESS A Svirejeva-Hopkins 316

WEATHERING S Franck，C Bounama，and W von Bloh 322

PART D: CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE 1: SHORT-TERM DYNAMICS G Alexandrov 331

CLIMATE CHANGE 2: LONG-TERM DYNAMICS W von Bloh 335

CLIMATE CHANGE 3: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 341

COEVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE AND CLIMATE D W Schwartzman 346

GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE W Cramer 356

PART E: ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY

ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY: OVERVIEW R W Sterner and J J Elser 365

ECOSYSTEM PATTERNS AND PROCESSES S A Thomas and J Cebrian 380

EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS A D Kay and T Vrede 390

ORGANISAL ECOPHYSIOLOGY T Vrede and A D Kay 399

POPULATION AND COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS J P Grover 408

TRACE ELEMENTS A Quigg 418

Index 429

在線試讀

PART A Global Ecology， The Biosphere and its Evolution
Introduction
S E Jorgensen， Copenhagen University， Copenhagen， Denmark
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Further Reading
The focus of global ecology is the biosphere or the ecosphere conceived as one unified cooperative system with numerous synergistic effects that explain the unique properties of this sphere.
The biosphere has several unique properties that explain its function and role in supporting life on the Earth. The biosphere is open to the other spheres， and exchanges matter， energy， and information with the other spheres. The compositions of all the spheres are therefore important for life on the Earth.
We also use the term ecosphere for the part of the Earth that is bearing life and which includes both living and nonliving components. The composition of the ecosphere is important for its life-bearing ability and the composition of the ecosphere is dependent on the composition of all the other spheres， with which it exchanges matter， energy， and information.PART A Global Ecology， The Biosphere and its Evolution

Introduction

S E Jorgensen， Copenhagen University， Copenhagen， Denmark

2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Further Reading

The focus of global ecology is the biosphere or the ecosphere conceived as one unified cooperative system with numerous synergistic effects that explain the unique properties of this sphere.

The biosphere has several unique properties that explain its function and role in supporting life on the Earth. The biosphere is open to the other spheres， and exchanges matter， energy， and information with the other spheres. The compositions of all the spheres are therefore important for life on the Earth.

We also use the term ecosphere for the part of the Earth that is bearing life and which includes both living and nonliving components. The composition of the ecosphere is important for its life-bearing ability and the composition of the ecosphere is dependent on the composition of all the other spheres， with which it exchanges matter， energy， and information.

The biosphere – like ecosystems – cycles the elements that are essential for life. The cycling of matter makes it possible to use again and again the matter to build up new biological components and is therefore a prerequisite for evolution. The global cycles and flows of elements are a result of a number of biological， physical， and chemical processes. It is important that we quantify the cycles and flows of the essential elements， because they determine whether the concentrations of biologically essential elements are in accordance with the functions and roles of the biosphere. They also determine the atmospheric and marine currents， which are decisive for the global pattern of the climate. The life conditions of all parts of the ecosphere are therefore rooted in a proper function and balance of the cycles and flows of the about 20 essential elements. A massive and steadily increasing impact of human activities on the biosphere has， however， reached a level where the global cycles and flows are influenced significantly by human activities. As one of the most important results we can foresee changes of the global climate， which will inevitably cause changes in the life conditions of all organisms on the Earth from microorganisms to humans. Moreover， the climatic changes will change the pattern of species and biodiversity on the Earth， which will influence the life conditions further.

The book Global Ecology presents the latest results of these dramatic global changes. Part A of the book presents the unique properties of the biosphere， which help to explain its life-bearing function and role. The compositions of all the spheres are presented in this part and all the spheres are open and determine the composition of the biosphere. Part A also discusses the crucial question in astrobiology， ‘can life be found outside the Earth?’， and presents the controversial Gaia hypothesis， which presumes that the ecosphere is working as one cooperative unit with numerous synergistic effects.

The biosphere supports global cycles of the elements that are crucial for life. A quantitative representation of the global balance of energy and matter is covered in Part B， in addition to the important flows of energy， matter， and information in the biosphere. This part reveals the imbalances in the global balance of the biologically essential elements.

The formations of different patterns of climatic factors and marine currents， which are the results of global cycles and flows and the biosphere properties， are presented in Part C. The agricultural pattern， which is a result of the pattern of climatic factors， is included in this part. Furthermore， Part C also covers the processes of global significance.

The climate is of utmost significance for the life on Earth， but due to the massive impact of human activities on the biosphere and as a matter of fact on all the spheres， changes in the global climate are foreseen. The interactions between the biosphere and the climate and the climate change and the consequences for the biosphere are covered in Part D.

Part E covers ecological stoichiometry， which focuses on the application of stoichiometry for the quantification of the various biogeochemical cycles in the biospheres and in ecosystems. The ecological stoichiometry gives the elementary interactions and interdependence of the various global cycles， balances， flows， and processes.

Further Reading

Jorgensen SE (2008) Evolutionary Essays. A Thermodynamic Interpretation of the Evolution， 210pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier

Jorgensen SE， Fath BD， Bastianoni S， et al. (2007) A New Ecology: Systems Perspective. 288pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Jorgensen SE and Svirezhev YM (2004) Towards a Thermodynamic Theory for Ecological Systems， 366pp. London: Elsevier.

Abiotic and Biotic Diversity in the Biosphere

P J Geogievich， AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution， Moscow， Russia

2008 Else

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