了得網社會科學_種族、語言與文化（導讀注釋版）

編輯推薦

博阨斯的研究對人類學發展具有深遠影響。本書是博阨斯晚年的人類學研究論文合輯，對種族、血統、語言與文化問題作出了鞭闢入裡的思考和論述。

內容簡介

《種族、語言與文化》是博阨斯自1887年到1939年的63篇重要論文的合輯，內分“種族”“語言”“文化”三大主題，涉及當時學界充滿爭議的幾大問題。如，體質人類學與社會人類學的關繫問題，種族血統與民族特征問題，不同區域的語言形態與起源問題，文化相對論與文化進化論問題、文化傳播、文化變遷與文化涵化問題等。本書較為全面地彙聚了博阨斯的人類學研究成果，呈現了博阨斯與眾不同的研究方法，對相關領域研究人員具有重要的參考價值。
導讀注釋者在英文原版的基礎上進行導讀、注釋，並增加了術語彙編和簡釋，幫助讀者掃除閱讀障礙，更好地理解書中的內容。

作者簡介

弗朗茨·博阨斯（Franz Boas），德國裔美國人類學家，現代人類學的先驅之一，在哥倫比亞大學任教五十餘載，開創了人類學的四大研究分支：體質人類學、語言人類學、考古學與文化人類學，其研究對人類學的發展具有深遠的影響。
導讀、注釋者簡介：餘華博士，上海外國語大學語言研究院副研究員，哈佛大學人類學訪問學者（2015-2016）。

導讀
— 001 —
— 003 —
— 005 —
RACE AND PROGRESS (1931)
— 007 —
MODERN POPULATIONS OF AMERICA (1915)
— 026 —
REPORT ON AN ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES (1922)
— 040 —
CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS (1910-1913)
— 086 —
NEW EVIDENCE IN REGARD TO THE INSTABILITY OF HUMAN TYPES (1916)
— 107 —

導讀
— 001 —

PREFACE
— 003 —

RACE
— 005 —
RACE AND PROGRESS (1931)
— 007 —
MODERN POPULATIONS OF AMERICA (1915)
— 026 —
REPORT ON AN ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES (1922)
— 040 —
CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS (1910-1913)
— 086 —
NEW EVIDENCE IN REGARD TO THE INSTABILITY OF HUMAN TYPES (1916)
— 107 —
INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT UPON GROWTH (1913)
— 115 —
THE TEMPO OF GROWTH OF FRATERNITIES (1935)
— 120 —
CONDITIONS CONTROLLING THE TEMPO OF DEVELOPMENT AND DECAY (1935)
— 124 —
REMARKS ON THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILDREN (1912)
— 131 —
GROWTH (1892-1939, revised and condensed)
— 144 —
STATISTICAL STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRY (1902)
— 177 —
THE HALF-BLOOD INDIAN (1894)
— 186 —
REVIEW OF DR. PAUL EHRENREICH, “ANTHROPOLOGISCHE STUDIEN UEBER DIE UREINWOHNER BRASILIENS” (1897)
— 201 —
REVIEW OF WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY, “THE RACES OF EUROPE” (1899)
— 209 —
REVIEW OF ROLAND B. DIXON, “THE RACIAL HISTORY OF MAN” (1923)
— 216 —
SOME RECENT CRITICISM OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (1899)
— 223 —
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY (1936)
— 232 —
THE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL SERIES (1913)
— 237 —
THE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIABLE QUANTITIES (1922)
— 244 —
RACE AND CHARACTER (1932)
— 258 —

LANGUAGE
— 265 —
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1917)
— 267 —
THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN LANGUAGES (1920)
— 283 —
CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES (1929)
— 294 —
SOME TRAITS OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE (1937)
— 304 —
METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE KWAKIUTL INDIANS (1929)
— 312 —

CULTURE
— 323 —
THE AIMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH (1932)
— 325 —
SOME PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (1930)
— 348 —
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF
ANTHROPOLOGY (1896)
— 361 —
THE METHODS OF ETHNOLOGY (1920)
— 375 —
EVOLUTION OR DIFFUSION (1924)
— 388 —
REVIEW OF GRAEBNER, “METHODE DER ETHNOLOGIE” (1911)
— 395 —
HISTORY AND SCIENCE IN ANTHROPOLOGY: A REPLY (1936)
— 408 —
THE ETHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESOTERIC DOCTRINES (1902)
— 418 —
THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMISM (1910)
— 424 —
THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN RACE (1911)
— 434 —
ETHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CANADA (1910)
— 444 —
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NORTH-WEST AMERICA AND NORTHEAST ASIA (1933)
— 463 —
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE KWAKIUTL (1920)
— 480 —
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBES OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST (1924)
— 499 —
THE GROWTH OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES OF THE KWAKIUTL
(1896)
— 510 —
THE RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM OF THE VANDAU (1922)
— 517 —
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLK-TALES AND MYTHS (1916)
— 533 —
INTRODUCTION TO JAMES TEIT, “THE TRADITIONS OF THE
THOMPSON INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA” (1898)
— 547 —
THE GROWTH OF INDIAN MYTHOLOGIES (1895)
— 571 —
DISSEMINATION OF TALES AMONG THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA (1891)
— 586 —
REVIEW OF G. W. LOCHER, “THE SERPENT IN KWAKIUTL RELIGION: A STUDY IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE” (1933)
— 598 —
MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS (1914)
— 604 —
STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF PRIMITIVE LITERATURE (1925)
— 656 —
THE FOLK-LORE OF THE ESKIMO (1904)
— 673 —
ROMANCE FOLK-LORE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS (1925)
— 693 —
SOME PROBLEMS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY (1902)
— 704 —
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO BY THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, 1911-12 (1912)
— 710 —
REPRESENTATIVE ART OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE (1916)
— 717 —
REVIEW OF MACCURDY, “STUDY OF CHIRIQUIAN ANTIQUITIES” (1911)
— 725 —
THE DECORATIVE ART OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS (1903)
— 732 —
DECORATIVE DESIGNS OF ALASKAN NEEDLECASES: A STUDY IN
THE HISTORY OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGNS, BASED ON 564-592 MATERIALS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM (1908)
— 754 —
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ESKIMO OF EAST GREENLAND (1909)
— 791 —
THE IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE AMONG PRIMITIVE TRIBES (1922)
— 793 —
THE CONCEPT OF SOUL AMONG THE VANDAU (1920)
— 811 —
RELIGIOUS TERMINOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL (1927)
— 816 —
MISCELLANEOUS
— 825 —
ADVANCES IN METHODS OF TEACHING (1898)
— 827 —
THE AIMS OF ETHNOLOGY (1888)
— 833 —
THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY (1887)
— 852 —

術語彙編與簡釋
— 865 —

前言

書之成為經典，乃人類在不同時代的思想、智慧與學術的結晶，優秀文化之積澱，具有不隨時代變易的永恆價值。有道是讀書須讀經典，這是智者的共識。
對於中外經典著作中的思想表述，僅讀外文書的中譯本或文言著作的白話釋文是不夠的，尤其是當誤譯、誤釋發生的時候，讀者容易被誤導，或望文生義，或以訛傳訛，使原有的文化差異變成更深的文化隔閡。因此，在“世界學術經典（英文版）”的選目中，大部分作品為英文原著；原作是其他語種的經典，則選用相對可靠的英文譯本；至於中國古代經典，則采用漢英對照的方式呈現，旨在向西方闡釋中國的思想和文化。其中，精選的中國經典是整個繫列的重要組成部分。有了這一部分的經典，纔真正體現出“世界性”。
以原典和英文方式出版，是為了使讀者通過研讀，準確理解以英文表達的思想、理論和方法，力求避免舛誤，進而通過批判和接受，化為智慧力量。這有利於思想的傳播，裨益於新思想的產生，同時亦可提高英語修養。
經典名著的重要性是不言而喻的，但是以下幾點意義值得一再重申。
若無優秀的思想底蘊，人類存在的意義將大打。

（一）學術經典提供思想源泉

兩千六百年來的世界學術經典凝聚了人類思想的精華，世世代代的優秀思想家以他們獨特的見識和智慧，留給後人取之不竭、用之不盡的思想源泉。從老子、孔子、柏拉圖、亞裡士多德以降，天纔輩出，思想閃光，精彩紛呈。思想界的大師、名家們在人類思想史傳統鏈條上的每一個環節，都啟發後人開拓新的思想領域，探究生命的本質，直抵人性的深層。隨著人類思想的不斷成熟和完善，各個學科領域的理論從本體論、認識論、方法論、實踐論、價值論等維度不斷深化。後人繼承前人的思想，借經典的滋養保持思想活力，豐富和發展前人的觀點，使之形成一波又一波的思想洪流，從而改變人的思想和世界觀，改變人類社會的進程。歷史已經證明：人類社會的進步，思想的力量大於一切。

（二）學術經典傳承精神力量

經典名著中蘊含的人類精神，傳承的人類守望的共同價值原則和社會理想，在每一個具體領域裡都有諸多豐富的表述，它們從整體上構成了推動人類進步的精神力量。研習和傳承人類兩千六百多年來的優秀思想，並將它化作求新求變的靈感，是人類文明的要義所在。僅有技術進步，還不足以表明人類的文明程度。
若無優秀的思想底蘊，人類存在的意義將大打。
中國思想傳統中的基本理念和西方思想傳統中的基本理念分別形成了東西方兩大具有普遍價值的道德觀念和價值繫統。值得注意的是：（1）這兩大道德繫統應該是一個互補、互鋻的整體，兩者都不可偏廢，因為人類的思想整體。任何一個民族，缺少其中之一，在精神上都可能是不完整的；（2）這些基本理念都不是抽像概念，它們都具有很強的實踐意義，並且必須由實踐來考察，否則就很難體現其價值。
精神傳承必然是一種自覺的過程，它靠習得，不靠遺傳，因此我們需要研讀經典。

（三）學術經典構成文化積澱

“文化”包含三大部分：（1）思想與精神現像；（2）制度與習俗；（3）有形的事物。學術經典是對思想與精神現像的歸納和提煉，對制度與習俗的探究和設計，對有形事物的形而上思考和描述。
每一個學科領域的經典著作中都會提出一些根本性的問題，這些問題直面人的困惑，思考人類社會的疑難，在新思想和新知識中展現人類的智慧。當這些思想成果積澱下來，就構成人類文化的主要組成部分。文化不隻是制度或器物的外在形式，更重要的是凝結在其背後的精神與思想。
每一個學科的學術本身都要面對一些形而上的（超越性的、純理論性的）文化問題。在很多人看來，理性的思考和理論的表述都是很枯燥的，但是熱愛真理並且對思想情有獨鐘的人會從學術經典的理論中發現無限生動的天地，從而產生獲得真理的快樂，這纔是我們追求的真正文化。
大量閱讀經典名著是一種學習、積累文化的根本方法，深度閱讀和深刻記憶能使文化積澱在人的身上，並且代代相傳。假如這一過程中斷了，人世間隻剩下花天酒地、歌舞升平，文化也就湮滅了。

（四）學術經典推動社會進步

毫無疑問，凡屬學術經典，都必須含有新的學術成果——新思想、新理論、新方法，或者新探索。這樣的原創性學術成果越多，人類的思想就越深邃，視野越開闊，理論更全面、完美，方法更先進、有效，社會的進步纔能獲得新的動力和保障。
人文主義推翻神學，理性主義旨在糾正人的偏激，啟蒙精神主張打破思想束主義反抗理念。各種新思想層出不窮，帶來了學術的進步，啟發並推動了更大的社會變革。這些原創思想在歷史長河中經過漫長的時間考驗，成為經典，在任何一種文明中都是社會進步和發展的動力。
當我們研讀完一部學術經典，分析和歸納其原創的思想觀點時，可以很清晰地理解和感悟它在同時代的環境裡對於社會的變革和進步有著何種意義，以及它對當下有哪些啟迪。
相比技術的發展，思想並不浮顯在社會的表層，它呈現在書本的字裡行間，滲透於人的心智，在人的靈魂中閃光。每當社會需要時，它能讓我們看到無形的巨大力量。

溫故而知新。今日世界紛亂依舊，但時代已不再朦矓。人類思想史上的各種主張，在實踐中都已呈現清晰的面貌。當我們重新梳理各種思想和理論時，自然不會再返回到“全盤接受”或者“全盤否定”的幼稚階段。二十一世紀人類正確的世界觀、人生觀、價值觀需要優秀思想傳統的支撐，並通過批判繼承，不斷推陳出新，滋衍出磅礡之推力。
我們所選的這些學術經典，成書於不同的時代，代表了不同的思想與理論主張。有些著作帶有時代烙印，有其局限性或片面性；有些觀點不一定正確，但從另一個方面顯示出人類思想的豐富性和復雜性。各門學科建立、各種主張提出之後，都曾經在歷代思想的實驗場上經受踫撞和檢驗，被接受或者被批判。我們的學者需要研讀這些書，而青年學生們的思想成長更需要讀這些書。當然，批評與分析是有效和有益的閱讀方法。
有鋻於此，我們希望“世界學術經典（英文版）”能夠真正做到“開卷有益”，使我們自己在潛移默化中都成長為有思想、有理想、有品位的人。

上海時代教育出版研究中心
2018 年10 月

在線試讀

PREFACE
Anthropology, the science of man, is often held to be a subject that may satisfy our curiosity regarding the early history of mankind, but of no immediate bearing upon problems that confront us. This view has always seemed to me erroneous. Growing up in our own civilization we know little how we ourselves are conditioned by it, how our bodies, our language, our modes of thinking and acting are determined by limits imposed upon us by our environment. Knowledge of the life processes and behavior of man under conditions of life fundamentally different from our own can help us to obtain a freer view of our own lives and of our life problems. The dynamics of life have always been of greater interest to me than the description of conditions, although I recognize that the latter must form the indispensable material on which to base our conclusions.
My endeavors have largely been directed by this point of view. In the following pages I have collected such of my writings as, I hope, will prove the validity of my point of view.
The material presented here is not intended to show a chronological development. The plan is rather to throw light on the problems treated. General discussions are followed by reports on special investigations on the results of which general viewpoints are based.
On the whole I have left the statements as they first appeared. Only in the discussion of the problems of stability of races and of growth which extend over many years, has scattered material been combined. In these the mathematical problems have been omitted and diagrams have been substituted for numerical tables. Here and there reviews and controversies have been included where they seemed relevant and of importance for the clearer statement of theories.
The terms “race” and “racial” are throughout used in the sense that they mean the assembly of genetic lines represented in a population.
It is natural that the earlier papers do not include data available at the present time. I have not made any changes by introducing new material because it seemed to me that the fundamental theoretical treatment of problems is still valid. In a few cases footnotes in regard to new investigations or criticisms of the subject matter have been added.

PREFACE

Anthropology, the science of man, is often held to be a subject that may satisfy our curiosity regarding the early history of mankind, but of no immediate bearing upon problems that confront us. This view has always seemed to me erroneous. Growing up in our own civilization we know little how we ourselves are conditioned by it, how our bodies, our language, our modes of thinking and acting are determined by limits imposed upon us by our environment. Knowledge of the life processes and behavior of man under conditions of life fundamentally different from our own can help us to obtain a freer view of our own lives and of our life problems. The dynamics of life have always been of greater interest to me than the description of conditions, although I recognize that the latter must form the indispensable material on which to base our conclusions.

My endeavors have largely been directed by this point of view. In the following pages I have collected such of my writings as, I hope, will prove the validity of my point of view.

The material presented here is not intended to show a chronological development. The plan is rather to throw light on the problems treated. General discussions are followed by reports on special investigations on the results of which general viewpoints are based.

On the whole I have left the statements as they first appeared. Only in the discussion of the problems of stability of races and of growth which extend over many years, has scattered material been combined. In these the mathematical problems have been omitted and diagrams have been substituted for numerical tables. Here and there reviews and controversies have been included where they seemed relevant and of importance for the clearer statement of theories.

The terms “race” and “racial” are throughout used in the sense that they mean the assembly of genetic lines represented in a population.

It is natural that the earlier papers do not include data available at the present time. I have not made any changes by introducing new material because it seemed to me that the fundamental theoretical treatment of problems is still valid. In a few cases footnotes in regard to new investigations or criticisms of the subject matter have been added.

I have included two very early general papers at the end of the book because they indicate the general attitude underlying my later work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Alexander Lesser whose help and advice in the selection of material has been of greatest value.

FRANZ BOAS

Columbia University

November 29, 1939

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